Classification:

Testicular malformations.

302 Congenital Anomalies - From the Embryo to the Neonate

**1.** Number abnormalities

phenotype (46XY)

**2.** Development abnormalities

**3.** Migration abnormalities

• Anorchia (or anorchism): the absence of both testicles in the presence of a normal male

• Testicular fusion: the fusion of the two testicles in the same scrotum [2, 5, 20–24]

• Macroorchidism may be secondary to contralateral testicular damage and may be bilateral in congenital syndromes (fragile X syndrome) or other disorders (hypophysis

• Cystic dysplasia of the testicle: benign, congenital tumor, frequently associated with

• Cryptorchidism: the process of descensus testis is affected by anatomical and mechanical factors, such as a poor connection between the gubernaculum and testis and endo-

**Figure 11.** Hypospadias: the left-side image is the 'tulip sign' in 2D conventional ultrasound; the right-side image is a 3D

• Monorchism (or monorchidism): the absence of a testicle

• Polyorchism: the presence of more than two testicles

• Microorchidism: small, hypoplastic testicles.

other testicular malformations [5, 20–24].

adenoma, aromatase deficiency).

crine factors (**Figure 11**) [5, 22].

reconstruction, surface rendering technique.


It is recommended that information about the fetal abnormalities, postnatal and prenatal options of treatment and prognosis should be presented to the parents by a multidisciplinary team that includes neonatologists, urologists, perinatologists and medical geneticists with expertise in this field [5].
