**7. Female genital malformations**

#### **7.1. Ovarian cysts**

Ovarian cysts are the most frequently abdominal tumors that may be seen in female fetuses and newborns. The incidence of fetal ovarian cysts has increased lately, due to the improvement

The genitalia anomalies must be treated by a multidisciplinary team that includes neonatologists, endocrinologists, urologists, perinatologists and medical geneticists with expertise in

\*, Ramona Mircea Vicol2,3, Adela Serban2,3, Andreea Veliscu Carp2,4

Congenital Anomalies of Urinary Tract and Anomalies of Fetal Genitalia

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73641

305

this field.

**Conflict of interest**

**Author details**

**References**

66: 1597

We have no conflict of interest.

Sidonia Maria Sandulescu1

\*Address all correspondence to: ssidoniam@yahoo.com

3 INSMC Alessandrescu-Rusescu, Bucharest, Romania

1 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania 2 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

4 Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology Panait Sarbu, Bucharest, Romania

Coordinator of the Romanian edition. Hypocrate; 2017. Pages 508-538

intrauterine growth restriction. Prenatal Diagnosis. 2012;**32**:427-431

Anales de Pediatría (Barcelona, Spain) 2015;**83**(6):442.e1-442442.e5

counseling. Current Health Sciences Journal. 2016 January-March;**42**(1)

[1] Kurjak A, Chervenak FA, Vladareanu R. Donald School. Textbook of ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology. Bucharest: Amaltea; 2012. ISBN 978-973-162-104-3. Pages 337-348 [2] CALLEN. Ultrasonography in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 6th ed. Dr Radu Vladareanu—

[3] Afroz R, Shakoor S, Salat MS, Munim S. Antenatal renal pelvic dilatation and foetal outcomes—A review of cases from a tertiary care center in Karachi, Pakistan. 2016. JPMA

[4] Stefan F. Nemec, Ursula Nemec, Peter C. Brugger, Dieter Bettelheim, Michael Weber, John M. Graham Jr., David L. Rimoin, Daniela Prayer. Male genital abnormalities in

[5] Palacios Loro ML, Segura Ramírez DK, Ordo˜nez Álvarez FA, Santos Rodríguez F. Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. A vision for the paediatrician.

[6] Tudorache Ș, Cara M, Iliescu DG, Stoica A, Simionescu C, Novac LV, Cernea D. Fetal kidneys ultrasound appearance in the first trimester—Clinical significance and limits of

5 County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Craiova, Craiova, Romania

and Vaduva Cristian1,5

**Figure 13.** Fetal ovarian cyst: 2D and 3D surface rendering images. The evolution of the case led to the typical 'fluid– fluid' level aspect, due to the intracystic hemorrhage.

of ultrasound technology and due to the increase in the incidence of pregnancies that require hormonal treatment during the gestation period [2].

These ovarian tumors may be uni- or bilateral, sometimes multiple, and their appearance is as anechoic structures, thin-walled and having various sizes [5, 21–24]. Some authors described cases with solid tumors, teratomas or hemorrhagic cysts. To increase the accuracy of the diagnosis, MRI examination may be required (magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) [22].

Fetal ovarian cysts have usually a good outcome; most of them progress to spontaneous resolution in the postnatal period. The most frequent complication of cysts is ovarian torsion. Other complications may be intracystic hemorrhage, rupture, dystocia during birth, etc. There are no guidelines for monitoring and treatment of this condition. The non-invasive monitoring by ultrasound seems to be the best approach in prenatal life [1, 5, 19–25] (**Figure 13**).
