**6. Cardiac function**

**Figure 25.** The upper image presents the normal appearance of ductus venosus in 2D color Doppler imaging. (A–C): Agenesis of ductus venosus: with hepatic (A), caval (B) and cardiac (C) drainage. UV, umbilical vein; IVC, inferior vena

**Figure 26.** Applications of color and spectral Doppler. (A): Critical aortic stenosis with dysplastic left ventricle (\*), atretic valve and aortic regurgitation (arrow, (B)). (C): Same case, tricuspid regurgitation, pulsed Doppler evaluation. (D): Atrioventricular valves regurgitation associated with cardiomegaly. (E): Same case, spectral Doppler evaluation of

cava; H, heart; HV, hepatic veins; UA, umbilical artery; PV, portal vein; Ao, aorta.

134 Congenital Anomalies - From the Embryo to the Neonate

atrioventricular flow.

It should be considered for suspected structural or functional cardiac anomalies [18, 19]. Some *qualitative* markers are identified during standard scanning: cardiomegaly, atrioventricular valve regurgitation, and hydrops. The *quantitative* assessment of heart function includes the study of myocardial movement such as tissue Doppler, myocardial/ventricular strain, strain rate imaging, fractional shortening and the myocardial performance index [52–54].
