*2.1.4. Loyalty to the past*

Many studies pointed out that the mistakes in the institutional change process stem from the fact that past knowledge has not been abandoned [13]. Markets are places where experience is gained, but lessons are changed frequently. We must learn from the past all the time, but we do not need to worship it [14]. It is required that they should not be tied tight to the past for organizations to survive. Before the organizations try out new ideas, they need to discover that their old ones are inadequate and get rid of them [15]. To give up knowledge of the past requires that you come from above the change barriers and that you re-evaluate the cognitive organizational competencies, circumferences, threats, opportunities, strategies and old ways of achieving success [16]. A culture of resistance to change developed with frustrations from the past during the change process, low tolerance for change, the difficulty of giving up on habits, the difficulty of learning new things, the disruption of well-known comforts, close-mindedness, old experiences, past performances and past mistakes can be counted as the causes of resistance to change, which can be ranked under the framework of commitment to the past.

#### *2.1.5. Group effect*

The concept of group dynamics refers to the changes and reactions that occur on any part of the group, the influence and reaction that the group members and the group make on the structure [17]. The group effect comes from the interactions between individuals and is shaped by the light of factors above mentioned. However, the relationship between group members influences strengthening these factors or changing their shape [18].

Groups are units formed in informal and formal structures within the organization. Disagreements between the aims of change and group norms and similar groups within the organization should take a negative attitude toward change, the possibility of deterioration of existing relations, the majority of group members support resistance, the probability of the group losing its disintegration or status, in short, the idea that change can change social interactions, can be regarded as the resistance dynamics that the groups to which the individuals belonging are exposed.

#### *2.1.6. Valuation of interest*

Every change means losing for someone [5]. In the new situation that the valuation of interest individuals will emerge with change, they are seen to pursue their personal interests and evaluate their possible consequences. Generally, it can be listed as the causes of interestbased resistance of individuals who think like the expectation of unemployment, the possible increases in the current work load, the loss of status and the possibility that the material situation will change in the negative direction, which comes with technological change.
