Preface

Chapter 9 **Occupational Exposure to Magnetic Field in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment 143** Kjell Hansson Mild and Ole Jacob Møllerløkken

**VI** Contents

This book describes several aspects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in neuropsy‐ chiatry. The first chapter opens the book with some basic information. The second chapter is focused on the research of inhibitory and excitatory mechanisms of the human brain and the use of TMS in the research and treatment of cognitive disorders. The third chapter explores the possibilities of research and therapeutic application of TMS aimed at the cerebellum. The fourth chapter discusses the effect of TMS on impulsivity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and borderline personality disorder. The fifth chapter describes the use of repeti‐ tive TMS (rTMS) in the treatment of tinnitus, and the sixth chapter looks at the current knowledge of its efficacy in the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder. The seventh chapter is focused on the role of non-invasive brain stimulation methods (including rTMS) in the treatment of pain, and the eighth chapter discusses the treatment of chronic headache. Last but not least, the ninth chapter discusses the safety of rTMS for staff.

I would like to thank all the authors and Miss Kristina Kardum from IntechOpen for their cooperation in the preparation of this book. We hope that it will help to expand the knowl‐ edge of TMS.

> **Libor Ustohal, M.D., Ph.D.** Department of Psychiatry Medical Faculty of Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno Brno, Czech Republic Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC MU) Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic

**Chapter 1**

**Provisional chapter**

**Introductory Chapter: Introduction to Transcranial**

**Introductory Chapter: Introduction to Transcranial** 

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78689

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulation (or neuromodulation) method. The principle of TMS is based on the Faraday's principle of electromagnetic induction. Around the primary coil, through which a time-varying current is flowing, a changing magnetic field is created, which is able to induce a secondary current in conductors (including human brain) within its reach. It was not until 1985 when Barker and his collaborators developed a device that could generate a magnetic field of sufficient intensity to depolarize cortical neurons. The generated magnetic field lasts approximately 100–300 ms, and its intensity usually ranges from 1.0 to 2.5 T. Secondary current induces depolarization or hyperpolarization of cortical neurons—only neurons up to 1.5–2.0 cm from the stimulation coil can be influenced directly, but deeper parts of the brain can be influenced via transsynaptic connections. TMS causes activation of neurons, metabolic, hemodynamic, and behavioral

TMS pulses can be administered individually—single-pulse TMS, in pairs few milliseconds apart—paired-pulse TMS, or repeatedly in a sequence (called usually train) lasting from seconds to minutes—repetitive TMS (rTMS). The first two types are usually used for research or diagnostic purposes (e.g., to assess the physiology of the human motor system, including cortical excitability), rTMS is used in the treatment because it can modulate cortical excitability and connectivity by inducing long-term potentiation-like or long-term depression-like

The main indication of rTMS is the treatment of major depressive disorder. This method was approved in this indication by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2008; the approval was obtained in the European Union, too. Meta-analyses confirm the efficacy of

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Magnetic Stimulation in Neuropsychiatry**

**Magnetic Stimulation in Neuropsychiatry**

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

plastic changes outlasting the stimulation period [2, 3].

Libor UstohalAdditional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78689

Libor Ustohal

**1. Introduction**

changes [1].

#### **Introductory Chapter: Introduction to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neuropsychiatry Introductory Chapter: Introduction to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neuropsychiatry**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78689

Libor Ustohal

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Libor UstohalAdditional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78689
