**2. Historical aspects of neuromodulation**

Electricity to treat chronic headaches was first used in ancient Rome [55], but it was not until the 1950s that neuromodulation was used in the treatment of chronic pain disorders [55, 56]. Thalamic stimulation to treat chronic headaches was introduced in 1976 [57] and percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation a year later [58]. At the beginning of the 1990s, hypothalamic deep brain stimulation (hDBS) was applied to the treatment of some chronic headache syndromes and particularly in TACs [59]. The first report of occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) to treat occipital neuralgia was in 1999 [60]. In the year 2000, the hypothalamic stimulation was applied in the treatment of drug-resistant cluster headache (CH) [61]. The first two cases of supraorbital nerve stimulation (SONS) were reported in 2002 [62]. The first cases of hDBS in the treatment of CH were reported in 2003 [61]. In 2004, the ONS was applied in the treatment of CM [63]. The first case reported with cervical spinal stimulation (SCS) in the treatment of CH was in 2008 [64]. The first report on stimulation of the sphenopalatine ganglion was presented at 2009 [38]. Ever since, there has been an explosion of reports on the effectiveness, indications and AEs of all these techniques. Simultaneously new devices that allow percutaneous stimulation have reached the market, allowing new solutions to old problems.
