Preface

Chapter 7 **β-Cyclodextrins as Encapsulating Agents of Essential Oils 169**

Chapter 8 **Advanced Polymer-Surfactant Systems via**

Laura Romero-Zerón and Xingzhi Jiang

Laura Romero-Zerón and Xingzhi Jiang

Chapter 11 **Encapsulation of Essential Oils by Cyclodextrins: Characterization and Evaluation 263**

Chapter 13 **Removal of an Azo Textile Dye from Wastewater by Cyclodextrin-Epichlorohydrin Polymers 303**

Chapter 9 **Supramolecular Polymer-Surfactant System for Heavy Oil**

Chapter 10 **Promising Use of Cyclodextrin-Based Non-Viral Vectors for Gene and Oligonucleotide Drugs 239**

Ahmed F.A. Mohammed, Keiichi Motoyama, Taishi Higashi and

Jaruporn Rakmai, Benjamas Cheirsilp, Antonio Cid, Ana Torrado-

Paola Semeraro, José Antonio Gabaldón, Paola Fini, Estrella Núňez,

Agrasar, Juan Carlos Mejuto and Jesus Simal-Gandara

Chapter 12 **β-Cyclodextrin as an Ionophore for Membrane Electrode 291**

José Antonio Pellicer, Vito Rizzi and Pinalysa Cosma

**Self-Assembling 201**

**Recovery 225**

**VI** Contents

Hidetoshi Arima

Mohsen M. Zareh

Ana Paula Capelezzo, Laura Cassol Mohr, Francieli Dalcanton, Josiane Maria Muneron de Mello and Márcio Antônio Fiori

> The history of cyclodextrins (CDs) began in France in the late nineteenth century, and they were obtained from the enzymatic degradation of one of the most essential polysaccharides, starch. Their remarkable inclusion complexation properties led to a "host-guest"-type rela‐ tionship, thus modifying or improving the physicochemical properties and/or bioavailabili‐ ty characteristics of the guest molecules. Negligible cytotoxic effects enabled scientists and researchers to explore their applications ranging from pharmaceutical to biotechnology in‐ dustries. Further expansion of their application in the different field of cosmetics, food, agri‐ culture, textile, separation process, analytical methods, catalysis, environment protection, and diagnostics was made possible by the production of the three CDs known as "native," that is, α-CD, β-CD, and γ-CD.

> The book *Cyclodextrin - A Versatile Ingredient* is the result of collective work that addresses, in a clear and comprehensive way for readers, the fundamental aspects of CDs as well as their applications. Twelve chapters have been placed under two heads. The first section deals with the overview of the properties of cyclodextrins along with primary issues related to aggregation, whereas specific applications in various fields are covered in the second sec‐ tion, for further advancement in the physical sciences. Efforts have been made to provide an invaluable resource and pedagogical support for academician in general and researchers in specific as well as for industrial scientists with the introduction of the latest ongoing trends in research with cyclodextrins.

> The Editors are thankful to all the contributors of this book for their cooperation. My special thanks go to Ms. Marina Dusevic, Publishing Process Manager, and InTechOpen Publishing for bringing out the book in the present form.

> > **Dr. Poonam Arora (MPharm, PhD)** GHG Khalsa Colleges Gurusar Sadhar, Ludhiana India

**Dr. Neelima Dhingra (MPharm, PhD)** University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Panjab University, Chandigarh India

**Section 1**

**Cyclodextrins: An Overview**

**Cyclodextrins: An Overview**

**Chapter 1**

**Provisional chapter**

**Cyclodextrins: Past and Present**

**Cyclodextrins: Past and Present**

Agustín G. Asuero

**Abstract**

cosmetic

**1. Introduction**

Agustín G. Asuero

Julia Martin, Enrique Jacobo Díaz-Montaña and

Julia Martin, Enrique Jacobo Díaz-Montaña and

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.72736

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides produced by enzymatic degradation of starch. The most common CDs are the main natural ones, α, β and γ, which are constituted of 6, 7 and 8 glucopyranose units, respectively. The CD structure forms a torus or doughnut ring and the molecule actually exists as a truncated cone. The outer side of the toroid is hydrophilic in nature due to the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose units while the internal cavity is relatively apolar. Thus, CDs have a high potential to entrap entirely or partially a wide variety of compounds in a process known as complexation. This gives them new physico-chemical properties and characteristics. The main applications of CDs in drug formulation rely on CD complexation and include the protection of easily oxidizable molecules or the improvement of aqueous solubility. The use of CDs in analytical chemistry is based on his host-guest recognition property, known as supramolecular complex formation. Currently, CDs are successfully used in molecular recognition-based methods like chromatographic separations, spectroscopic and electroanalyses. Quiral analytical separations are a CD area of special relevance. In this work,

attention is paid to more recent references, especially to selected reviews.

**Keywords:** cyclodextrins, applications, encapsulation, controlled release, nano, food,

Cyclodextrins (CDs) at times referred as Schardinger sugars or cycloamylose dextrins, were fortuitously discovered [1, 2] by Vielliers in 1891, who named these compounds as "cellulosing." Later on Schardinger, who is considered the founder of CD chemistry, gave a detailed description about preparation and separation of CD and, more recently, Kurkov and Loftsson

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

[3] also made significant contributions to CD science.

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72736
