**7. Final notes**

Australia and New Zealand, the α and γ forms were classified as new ingredient since 2003

However, there was no information on the legal situation of β-cyclodextrin in this region of the globe. In Europe, since 1998, β-cyclodextrin was approved under the designation E-459 in the list of food additives. More recently, α-cyclodextrin and γ-cyclodextrin were approved as new ingredient in 2008 and 2012, respectively. In **Table 3**, the information is gathered about

In 2014, Deorsola et al. presented a research paper on patents involving cyclodextrins. These authors used free databases: Espacenet, USPTO, PATENT SCOPE, INPI, and DERWENT. The

ADI = 5 mg kg/day

Carrier for food additives (< 1 g/

Follow FDA approvals with an

2001 GRAS2

ADI = Not specified 1999 e 2000

2000

Novel food Approved 2012

Approval of FDA Import licence

Novel food 2003

supplement

supplement

Approved for dietary supplement Approved for dietary

15–20].

4/1/1995

kg) E-459

JAPAN Natural product Natural product Natural product

PHILLIPINES Approved Approved

WHO/FAO – World Health Organization /Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

THAILAND Approved for dietary

import license

the legal status of native cyclodextrins worldwide [16–21].

June 2001 to June 2004

Novel food July 2006

Approved 2008

Import licence

12/1/2004

supplement

supplement

FSANZ – Food Standards Australia and New Zealand.

State Mercosur – Argentina, Brazil, Paraguai, Uraguai & Venezuela.

**Table 3.** Cyclodextrins approval status as food ingredients/additives [

COREIA Approved for dietary

TAIWAN Approved for dietary

GRAS in a wide range of intended use in food.

GRAS as flavor protectant.

1

2

3

4

5

**Cyclodextrin α-CD β-CD γ-CD**

2004 GRAS3

and 2004, respectively.

130 Cyclodextrin - A Versatile Ingredient

WHO/FAO<sup>1</sup> ADI = Not specified

USA GRAS2

CANADA Filed for

UE Novel food

MEXICO Approval of FDA

MERCOSUR4 Approved FSANZ5 Novel food

> Cyclodextrins passed the benches of research and development laboratories (R&D) for industrial-scale production, since they were discovered by Villers in 1891. This is due to the fact that CDs had a very special feature: the ability to include different types of molecules in the cavity of the molecular "donut."

> Currently, the global market for cyclodextrins is estimated above 10 tons per year, mainly applied to food systems, or related to them (*e.g.,* retardant product of fruit maturation, SmartFresh® product from Agrofresh company).

Therefore, it is expected a huge increase in applications of CDs in this next century of research dedicated to cyclodextrins in food systems. This observation is supported on the exponential patent records, scientific publications, inclusion of the topic in school programs, and pedagogical manuals [21, 24], and also the growing organization of conferences devoted to the subject is globally widespread.

[4] Steiner T, Moreira da Silva A, Tan-day J, Muller J, Saenger, W, Rapid water diffusion in cage-type crystal lattice: Beta-cyclodextrin dodecahydrate. Angewandte Chemie Inter-

Room at the Top as well as at the Bottom: Structure of Functional Food Inclusion Compounds

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74162

133

[5] Szejtli J, Osa T editors. Comprehensive supramolecular chemistry. Cyclodextrins. Vol.3.

[6] Moreira da Silva A. Food products que help to promote human health. Chapter 4, Food, Diet and Health: Past, Present and Future Tendencies. New York: New Science Publi-

[7] Official Journal of the European Union (L146/12) (05.06.2008). Commission decision on the placing on the market of alpha-cyclodextrin as a novel food ingredient under Regulation (EC) No.<sup>O</sup> ? 258/97 of the European Parliament and of the Council, available

at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal- content / EN / TXT / uri = CELEX: 32008D0413

[8] Roberfroid M. Prebiotics: The concept revisited. Journal of Nutrition. 2007;**137**:830S

[9] Chemie W. Cavamax®Alpha Cyclodextrin: The new soluble dietary fiber. [Internet]. Available from http://www.wacker.com/cms/media/publications/downloads/6752\_

[10] Szente L, Szejtli J. Cyclodextrins the food ingredients. Trends in Food Science & Tech-

[11] Mourtzinos I, Kalogeropoulos N, Papadakis R, Konstantinou K, Karathanos VT. Encapsulation of monoterpenes in nutraceutical and beta-cyclodextrin modified starch.

[12] Botelho G, Valiau C, Moreira da Silva A. Effect of cyclodextrins on off-odors removal of red wine: an innovative approach. Ciência e Tecnologia Vitivinícola. 2011;**26**:63-68

[13] Chemie W. Cavamax® OmegaDry® Cyclodextrins in Food and Nutraceutical Applications. [Internet]. Available from http://www.wacker.com/cms/media/publications/

[14] Lucas-Abellan C, Fortea I, Gabaldon J, Nunez A. Soft and encapsulation of cyclodextrins in myricetin quercetin and at acidic pH. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.

[15] Pereira A B, Moreira da Silva A, Barroca MJ, Marques MPM, Braga SSM. Physicochemical properties, antioxidant action and practical application in fresh cheese of the solid inclusion compound γ-cyclodextrin·quercetin, in comparison with β-cyclodextrin·quercetin.

[16] US Food and Drug Administration. GRAS notice for Alpha-Cyclodextrin. 2004 June 25. GRAS Notice No. GRN 000155 [Internet]. Available from http://www.fda.gov/Food/ IngredientsPackagingLabeling/GRAS/NoticeInventory/ucm154385.htm [Accessed:

Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2017. in press. DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.04.001

national Edition in English. 1995;**34**(13/14):1452-1453

Oxford: Elsevier; 1996

EN.pdf. [Accessed: 18-05-2017]

nology. 2004;**15**(I3-4):137-142

2008;**56**(1):255-259

20-05-2017]

Journal of Food Science. 2008;**73**(1):S89-S94

downloads/6088\_EN.pdf. [Accessed: 20-05-2017]

shers, Inc. 2010

In conclusion, there is "*Room at the Top*" as well as "*Room at the Bottom*" for the use of cyclodextrins in food systems.
