**3. Numerical experiments on TC landfall process and evolution of rainfall**

The landfall process of Fung-Wong is simulated based on the experiments in Section 2. Statistical variables, including the errors of track and intensity, are calculated. The result indicates that the errors in the experiment VIRV are generally less than CTRL. For example, the errors of 24 h simulated track for the experiments CTRL and VIRV are 79 and 54 km, respectively. The improvement in TC intensity is about 27.6% in the simulation of maximum wind speed (MWS) and 16.4% in minimum sea level pressure (MSLP), respectively. Because of the "spin-up" process of numerical simulation, both the experiments exhibit smaller MWS and MSLP errors at 24 h than 12 h. However, the difference of MSLP between VIRV and CTRL increases with the model integration, indicating that the simulation of MSLP is sensitive to the initial condition. For the rainfall simulation (**Figure 2**), the rainfall pattern in VIRV agrees with the TRMM observation. In this regard, the results from VIRV simulations are used for the analysis of rainfall mechanism in the subsequent section.

**Figure 2.** The accumulated rainfall (mm) during 12UTC 27–12UTC 29, Jul 2009, from TRMM 3B42 (a) and numerical simulation from D1 (b).
