2.2.1. Transducers

Transducers or also known as electrical sensors are a vital part of the system which constantly monitors the physical quantities of the system. The current and voltage transducers used in the system are as follows.

#### 2.2.2. Rotary encoder

A rotary encoder was used to measure the rotational speed of the wind turbine. It was mounted at the base of the turbine. It senses the rotation of the turbine and sends the signal directly to LabView through data acquisition (DAQ). In this case, a simple binary system is used where and whenever the turbine blade cuts through the encoder that sends logic high or otherwise logic low. Counter was used in LabView where it counts the number of logic high sent by the encoder per minute.

Figure 2. Anemometer.

### 2.2.3. Anemometer

A DC/DC boost converter was used to give a constant voltage of 7.5 V to the 6 V battery as per the schematic diagram of the hardware architecture. As the setup environment is for smallscale and low voltage system, the "LT1303" micropower step-up high-efficiency DC/DC converter was selected. There is another version of LT1303, that is, LT13035, which has added

To smartly control the charging and discharging of the supercapacitor bank and the battery,

Transducers or also known as electrical sensors are a vital part of the system which constantly monitors the physical quantities of the system. The current and voltage transducers used in the

A rotary encoder was used to measure the rotational speed of the wind turbine. It was mounted at the base of the turbine. It senses the rotation of the turbine and sends the signal directly to LabView through data acquisition (DAQ). In this case, a simple binary system is used where and whenever the turbine blade cuts through the encoder that sends logic high or otherwise logic low. Counter was used in LabView where it counts the number of logic high

features like it can supply output voltage up to 25 V and also it is adjustable.

2.2.1. Transducers

system are as follows.

6 Supercapacitors - Theoretical and Practical Solutions

2.2.2. Rotary encoder

Figure 2. Anemometer.

sent by the encoder per minute.

two N-channel MOSFETs were used as a switch, which are controlled by Arduino.

To measure wind speed, an anemometer was used as shown in Figure 2. The device gives measurements in miles per hour (mph); therefore, conversion to m/s was required.

## 2.2.4. Liquid crystal display

To display power and most importantly the current flow through the load in real time, a '16 2 LCD' was used as shown in Figure 3. LCD screen was controlled by Arduino.
