**Performance of Aqueous Ion Solution/Tube-Super Dielectric Material-Based Capacitors as a Function of Discharge Time Dielectric Material-Based Capacitors as a Function of Discharge Time**

**Performance of Aqueous Ion Solution/Tube-Super** 

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.71003

Steven M. Lombardo and Jonathan Phillips Steven M. Lombardo and Jonathan Phillips Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71003

#### **Abstract**

[44] QT Q, Shi Y, Li LL, Guo WL, Wu YP, Zhang HP, Guan SY, Holze R. V<sup>2</sup>

[45] Xia H, Meng YS, Yuan G, Cui C, Lu L. A symmetric RuO<sup>2</sup>

Letters. 2012;**15**:A60-A63. DOI: 10.1149/2.023204esl

68 Supercapacitors - Theoretical and Practical Solutions

nanoribbons as cathode material for asymmetric supercapacitor in K2

Electrochemistry Communications. 2009;**11**:1325-1328. DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2009.05.003

ating at 1.6 V by using a neutral aqueous electrolyte. Electrochemical and Solid-State

O5 ·0.6H<sup>2</sup> O

solution.

SO4

supercapacitor oper-

/RuO2

The discharge time dependence of key parameters of electrostatic capacitors employing a dielectric composed of the oxide film formed on titanium via anodization, saturated with various aqueous ion solutions, that is tube-super dielectric materials (T-SDM), was thoroughly documented for the first time. The capacitance, dielectric constant, and energy density of novel paradigm supercapacitors (NPS) based on T-SDM saturated with various concentrations of NaNO<sup>3</sup> , NH<sup>4</sup> Cl, or KOH were all found to roll-off with decreasing discharge time in a fashion well described by simple power law relations. In contrast, power density, also well described by a simple power law, was found to increase with decreasing discharge time, in fact nearly reaching 100 W/cm<sup>3</sup> for both 30 wt% KOH and NaNO<sup>3</sup> solution-based capacitors at 0.01 s, excellent performance for pulsed power. For all capacitors, the dielectric constant was tested, which was greater than 10<sup>5</sup> for discharge times >0.01 s, confirming the materials are in fact T-SDM. The energy density for most of the capacitors was greater than 80 J/cm<sup>3</sup> of dielectric at a discharge time of 100 s, once again demonstrating that these capacitors are competitive for energy storage not only with existing commercial supercapacitors but also with the best prototype carbon-based supercapacitors.

**Keywords:** supercapacitor, superdielectric material, anodized titania, electric energy storage
