**Nomenclature**

both photoelectric and storage functions in a single cell structure [39]. Due to the repeated oxidations and reductions shorten the lifetime of these batteries [1] and chemical storage functions in a single cell structure. The repeated oxidations and reductions shorten the lifetime of these batteries. The energy storages with storage mechanism free from electrochemical reactions as in batteries like capacitors can be a competent way of overcoming the problem. In order to solve the issues, we developed solar energy storages using LSG electrodes in the interdigital form [40] as well as the fractal electrode designs (**Figure 7**) [30] and integrated on the reverse side of the silicon solar cells. The performance of the obtained solar energy storages is influenced by the efficiency of the solar cells and the discharge time for the output

**Figure 7.** Solar energy storages using fractal electrodes on the reverse side of thin-film silicon solar cells [30]. Copyright

Laser beam-material interactions induce the controlled changes in the physical and chemical properties of the electrode materials for MSCs. In addition, the smaller spatial resolution obtained using the tightly controlled focus spot can lead to the enhancement of specific volume load per unit area resulting in efficient storage of electrolyte ions within the layers of the electrodes. The desired electrode patterns fabricated using the writing process enable the supercapacitor features to be included in any substrates with the proper choice of electrolytes.

voltage is up to 22 days with excellent charge-discharge cycles of around 800.

**8. Conclusions and future trends**

2017, Nature Publishing Group.

112 Supercapacitors - Theoretical and Practical Solutions

