**3. Insular lobe**

Remembering the lost island of Atlantis, this lobe remains hidden and lies submerged beneath the parietal, frontal, and temporal opercular cortices, buried under a tangled web of middle cerebral artery branches. The insula is not visible from the surface of the brain, it's the best protected region of the whole cerebral cortex, and the poorest studied region all over the brain; IL represents a remarkable challenge for further researchers among new generations of neurologists, neurophysiologists, neuroinmunologists, and neuropathologist among others. Some functions of the right insular lobe are a little bit known such as its role in taste perception its intensity and recognition for the ipsilateral tongue (rostrodorsal insula) and some functions of the left insular cortex for the intensity of the stimulus ipsilateral to the tongue and taste recognition bilaterally, gustatory mechanism, movements of the mouth, and oropharyngeal swallowing (anterior insular) are not well known neither, and almost nothing has been demonstrated about the role of the insular lobe over the amygdala complex and emotional behavior. The human IL is also considered as paralimbic cortex, because of its connections with limbic and sensorimotor cortices, the IL is believed to play a role in affective and attention aspects of human behavior as well. Paralimbic insular regions have functional specialization for behaviors requiring integration between extra personal stimuli and the internal milieu. Based on these connections, one might expect that lesions of the insular cortex may result in disorders of neglect (Foyaca-Sibat & Ibañez-Valdés, 2006).
