**4. Integration model**

#### **4.1. Model**

**1.** Effectiveness [14]; with the understanding of the results achieved in accordance with the expected target, in this case, the targeted target, and initial goals are important as a bench-

**2.** Efficiency is an achievement with cost-efficient but still achieves the expected quality

The two things above are important to provide information systems with the plan, the results achieved in accordance with expectations, the quality that is maintained and cost-efficient; thus, the information system can be smooth, well-performing, and ready to be continuously

Benefits to be achieved by the implementation of good management functions in managing information systems are the hope of disruptive situation [16] with characteristics including

Number 3 is a key feature of the Disruptive Era, which needs to be anticipated; otherwise, it

The method used in order to develop an integrated model between management functions and information system components includes (1) literature study and (2) ask experts, as a

value, so the cost is cheaper but the quality is maintained [15].

**3.** in the conditions of many new emerging competitors.

**3. Research method for integration model**

mark for success.

8 Management of Information Systems

**1.** high-quality achievement;

will not miss or die by itself.

**Figure 3.** Research methods for integration.

developed.

**2.2. Benefit**

**2.** very low cost;

Management functions include cycle of P, O, A, C, E, and I, to run management process, must be step by step, and as a cycle, when P = Planning, O = Organizing, A = Actuating, C = Controlling, E = Evaluating, I = Innovating [19]. Information components include S, H, F, B, and T, must have a minimum requirement, when S = Infrastructure, H = Hardware, F = Software, B = Brain ware, T = Technology. Management of Information System needs goals and benefits that can be calculated clearly and specifically. The goals are effectiveness and efficiency and how the information system can be run. This model was developed by the asked expert method using the qualitative method by two experts, with the result of integration between Management Function and Information Components. The management function includes the cycle of P, O, A, C, E, and I, to run management process, must be step by step, and as a cycle, when P = Planning, O = Organizing, A = Actuating, C = Controlling, E = Evaluating, I = Innovating [19]. Information components include S, H, F, B, and T, must have a minimum requirement, when S = Infrastructure, H = Hardware, F = Software, B = Brain ware, T = Technology. Management of Information System needs goals and benefits that can be calculated clearly and specifically. The goals are effectiveness and efficiency and how the information system can be run to get these goals and benefits that must have a high quality and low price with many newcomers as competitors. To get goals and benefits of excellent performance need, the integrated process to coordinate management functions and information system components, as an Integrated Model, is shown in **Figure 4**.

**Figure 4.** Integrated model of management functions and information system components.

**Figure 5.** Integrated model in Planning-1.

To use model, we should start with the order of management functions vertically from top to bottom, namely Planning, Organizing, Actuating, Controlling, Innovating; then directed to the horizontal are infraStructure, Hardware, Software, Brain ware, and Technology. Thus, the Planning link as part of the Management Function and Information System Component needs to be linked to the subsequent management process. The following illustrates, for example, the interrelationships between planning: infraStructure, Hardware, soFtware, Brain ware, and Technology, which must be described and should be a clear link to the achievement of effectiveness and efficiency. A clear and complete planning and accompanied by the achievement of effectiveness and efficiency will be the basis for achieving a high quality, low cost, and in the face of the abundance of existing and emerging competitor. Certainly, it is necessary that all the management functions be described completely and relevantly, the following related to planning only. This is shown in **Figure 5**.

A complete description, for example, overall integration in Planning-infrastructure, Planning-Hardware, Planning-software, Planning-Brain ware and Planning-Technology, is given. In **Table 3**,


**Table 3.** Integrated model in Planning-2.

Integrated Model in Planning is shown. This model has advantages due to integration, making it complete and systematic, with the weakness being the many actions that need to be done.

Organizing explanations include


Actuating explanations include

To use model, we should start with the order of management functions vertically from top to bottom, namely Planning, Organizing, Actuating, Controlling, Innovating; then directed to the horizontal are infraStructure, Hardware, Software, Brain ware, and Technology. Thus, the Planning link as part of the Management Function and Information System Component needs to be linked to the subsequent management process. The following illustrates, for example, the interrelationships between planning: infraStructure, Hardware, soFtware, Brain ware, and Technology, which must be described and should be a clear link to the achievement of effectiveness and efficiency. A clear and complete planning and accompanied by the achievement of effectiveness and efficiency will be the basis for achieving a high quality, low cost, and in the face of the abundance of existing and emerging competitor. Certainly, it is necessary that all the management functions be described completely and relevantly, the following related to planning only. This is shown in **Figure 5**.

A complete description, for example, overall integration in Planning-infrastructure, Planning-Hardware, Planning-software, Planning-Brain ware and Planning-Technology, is given. In **Table 3**,

**Infrastructure Hardware Software Brain ware Technology**

Determination to be used, including vendor to be selected and maintenance plan

User and Operator determination and required training program

Selection and linkage with anticipated development

**M. F ISC**

Organizing Actuating Controlling Evaluating Innovating

Planning Procurement

based on time and needs

**Figure 5.** Integrated model in Planning-1.

10 Management of Information Systems

**Table 3.** Integrated model in Planning-2.

Choice of appropriate specifications, including vendors and development

plans

**Note:** ISC, Information System Components; MF, Management Functions.


Controlling explanations include


**5.** controlling of Technologies, including monitoring and control of network and data transport, ensuring that there are no errors and flaws that interfere with interpretation results.

Evaluating explanations include


Innovating explanations include


#### **4.2. Example of nosocomial infection control for hospital**

Applications of software in Nosocomial Control for Hospital, related to the notion of surveillance, include [20] "systematic, active and ongoing observation of the occurrence and spread of Nosocomial Infection in an event that causes increased or decreased risk." The activities undertaken are collection data, data analysis, and information dissemination. Required data related to the type of nosocomial infection, location, number of affected, analyzed causes and spread, disseminated to the responsible team. Associated with Information System Components (ISC) with its control as part of the management function, [21] (1) Integration Model, (2) Goals, and (3) Benefit are seen, which are related like the following description in **Figure 6**.

**5.** controlling of Technologies, including monitoring and control of network and data transport, ensuring that there are no errors and flaws that interfere with interpretation results.

**1.** evaluating on Infrastructure, relating the results achieved in accordance with the planned activities with Room, Light, and Network, whether there are differences in the results of

**2.** evaluating about Hardware, related to hardware comparison in planning with existing, in

**3.** evaluating about Software, discerning differences between Operational System, Help, and Trouble Shooter from planning to reality, whether adjustments or improvements are

**4.** evaluating about Brain Ware, seeing the difference between a plan and a reality in terms of

**5.** evaluating Technology, examining the difference in terms of technology related to data transfer either with cable or wireless, between plans with reality, whether to be repaired

**1.** innovating on Infrastructure is a present-day study into the future to see the possibilities of new things that arise, to anticipate and be prepared, related to Room, Light, and

**2.** innovating about Hardware is a future thought to estimate the possibility of new things that need to be anticipated and prepared, especially with servers and workstations;

**3.** innovating about Software, rapid and sophisticated development, requires adequate

**4.** innovating on Brain Ware, preparation, and anticipation, in relation to changes from the User and Operators, in order to obtain objectives and benefits, is intimidated by the chang-

**5.** innovating about Technology; this requires long-term thought and strong anticipation and possibly the existence of various alternatives, due to rapid progress and sophistication,

Applications of software in Nosocomial Control for Hospital, related to the notion of surveillance, include [20] "systematic, active and ongoing observation of the occurrence and spread of Nosocomial Infection in an event that causes increased or decreased risk." The activities undertaken are collection data, data analysis, and information dissemination. Required data related to the type of nosocomial infection, location, number of affected, analyzed causes

anticipation, and follow-up will be able to keep up with the times;

ing of thoughts related to the Users and Operators;

resulting in a rapid technological obsolescence.

**4.2. Example of nosocomial infection control for hospital**

terms of Server and Workstation, the difference seen or not;

User and Operator, and the need to be spelled or customized;

Evaluating explanations include

12 Management of Information Systems

less or more;

needed;

Network;

or even to be replaced.

Innovating explanations include


**Figure 6.** Nosocomial infection control for hospital in integrated model.

Explanation of the above figures, related to the relationship between Integration Model, with Goals to be achieved and Benefit to be obtained at the Nosocomial Infection Control for Hospital, is as follows.

#### *4.2.1. Integration model*

Explanation of Integration Model: related to process of control on


As a complementary unity for the process of controlling activities related to the information system, the next is the nosocomial infection control activities in the hospital, which are related to


The above activities must be done effectively and efficiently.

*4.2.2. Goals*

The goals of nosocomial infection control activities in the hospital include


This can be done in a systematic and structured way by using information system, so that goals can be achieved clearly.

#### *4.2.3. Benefit*

To get continuous of goal achievements, then the benefit for Hospital Services will be obtained with good quality and cheaper as impact of using information system for Nosocomial Infection Control in Hospital.

The above illustration shows a clear link between the model with the objectives and benefits, which in general give the excess of ease in assembling the linkages in the implementation, although it requires a complete study from the beginning as a weakness.
