*2.3.1. Young's Internet Addiction Test (YIAT)*

It was developed by Young [10] by adapting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM-IV) criteria for substance dependence and pathological gambling [40], and it is a modification of the previous 8-item scale. The criteria include loss of control, neglecting everyday life, relationships and alternative recreation activities, behavioral and cognitive salience, negative consequences, escapism/mood modification, and deception. It is a self-report scale and consists of a 20 items; each item is scored using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1("not at all") to 5 ("always"). The score of the total scale ranges from 20 to 100. The Internet users are categorized as follows: a score 70–100 reflects significant problems due to Internet use and 40–69 reflects frequent problems when scoring [13]. It has shown to be reliable and valid [13]. The internal consistency of the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) has been reported as excellent, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.93 [23].
