Acknowledgements

cancers and the oral cavity will appear to be scientifically proven, it will open a new avenue of clinical utility to effectively, and non-invasively diagnose cancers through saliva. The ctDNA mutant fragments were observed in plasma [69, 70] and saliva samples [71] of head and neck

The current knowledge of salivary biomarkers and their role in point-of-care applications highlights the need for development of more advanced technologies. As a consequence, point-of-care diagnostics is definitely approaching reality for salivary research and closely related with its translation into clinical practice [3] as it delivers information of the current status of the disease in a very fast, convenient and non-invasive way. PoCs can be successfully

The current PoC technologies are ubiquitous. They comprise microfluidics, micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS), paper-based technology, RNA-sequencing, liquid biopsy, biosensors, fluorescent biosensors, photometric and electrochemical methods, electronic nose and electric field-based methods such as electric field-induced release and measurement (EFIRM) method [3, 68, 72]. Contemporary available PoCs can be delivered in form of small

One of such PoC development is the Oral Fluid NanoSensor Test (OFNASET), that is used for multiplex detection of salivary proteomic (thioredoxin and IL-8) and genomic biomarkers (messenger RNA biomarkers, i.e. SAT, ODZ, IL-8, and IL-1b) for oral cancer with 90% sensitivity and 90% specificity for both interleukin 8 (IL-8) and IL-8 protein messenger RNA (mRNA) [67]. In turn, OraRisk human papilloma virus (HPV) test with Reflex (Quest Diagnostics, Los Angeles, CA, USA) can be indicative of HPV infection, high risk factor for development of oral cancer [68]. In addition, electrical controlled magnetic EC Sensor is designed to detect microRNA-200a [73], electrochemical sensor using endonuclease target recycling amplification to capture oral cancer overexpressed 1 (ORAOV1) [74], while wireless mouthguard enzymatic biosensor to detect uric

Salivary diagnostics is a promising field for the implementation of PoC technology. The desire for PoC, the potential of saliva, development of validated panel of salivary biomarkers for specific diseases and development of novel advanced techniques enables the application of saliva for the early detection and diagnosis of several oral and systemic diseases in a noninvasive, easy and fast personalized way. The recent technology advances, including liquid biopsy, EFIRM, biosensors, smartphones, microfluidics, paper-based technology, have the potential to make clinical utilities of saliva a reality in the near future. Saliva is predicted to be a substitute for blood, collected non-invasively for the diagnosis of oral and systemic diseases

used for early detection and real-time monitoring of the disease [3].

acid [75] or lactic acid [76], potential biomarkers for oral cancer.

and portable smartphones or "lab-on-chips" [3].

cancer patients.

4. Conclusions

as well as chairside screening.

3.2. Point-of-care technologies

58 Salivary Glands - New Approaches in Diagnostics and Treatment

This work was supported by the Public Health Service (PHS) grants from the National Institute of Health (NIH): UH3 TR000923 and R90 DE022734 as well as the 2017 Debbie's Dream Foundation – American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) Gastric Cancer Research Fellowship (Grant Number 17-40-41-KACZ).
