1. Introduction

The traditional Proportional Navigation Guidance (PNG) schemes including their extensions have been widely employed in interceptors because of their efficiencies and simplifications (only need line-of-sight information). PNG makes the normal load of interceptor proportional to the line-of-sight (LOS) angular velocity [1]. Nevertheless, the target can add the miss distance by acting evading maneuver because the target maneuvers are ahead of the guidance commands from PNG. For achieving desired interception performances, even for

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

the target maneuver, it is necessary to develop advanced guidance schemes [1, 2]. These advanced guidance schemes usually require more information, like relative speed and distance, target's acceleration, or time-to-go.

Integrated guidance and control (IGC) which is based on the SMC has become an unusual approach for developing a guidance system. The traditional timescale separation method splits the guidance system into an inner loop autopilot and an outer loop command system. The IGC system merges the two loops into a unique loop. Based on self-motion and relative motion states, the IGC produces commands to aero surfaces straight. Zero effort miss is used to be a sliding surface for developing the IGC [10, 11]. Due to the complex coupling between guidance and control states, this method does not spread more widely than an intuitive timescale

Adaptive Robust Guidance Scheme Based on the Sliding Mode Control in an Aircraft Pursuit-Evasion Problem

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72177

27

Based on the SMC, the guidance scheme with impacting angle constraint is designed to solve the problem of directional impacting. In practical cases, a specific impacting angle is desired to directionally hit the target or to better detect thee target. Under the impacting angle constraint, the result from ideal initial attack conditions can meet the interception requirements for nonmaneuvering and step-maneuvering targets [12–14]. However, the guidance accuracy of

To sum up, although guidance schemes based on the SMC and target's maneuver estimation algorithms act excellently in simulation, the computation degrees of them have become too complex to realize. In fact, one needs a simple-expression guidance scheme based on the SMC, and if not requiring the target acceleration, it will be better. In addition, the discontinuous characteristic induced by the sliding mode part can cause jitter of guidance commands that is detrimental to the aero fins. The coefficient of sliding mode part indicates target acceleration's boundary. Actually, it is hard to get the boundary. If setting the boundary too great, the autopilot might be saturated; if setting the boundary too tiny, the sliding mode's presence cannot be guaranteed. With the target acceleration's unknown boundary, for ensuring the stability, the simplified guidance schemes based on the SMC including the FOSMG, OSMG, and ASMG have greater sliding mode part, which might cause jitter. Adaptive control offers a solution. The unknown parameters can be estimated in the online identification for the uncertain system. Nevertheless, it has no capability to suppress disturbances. Thus, the adaptive control to identify the upper boundary of the system

An interceptor-target pursuit-evasion game which only employs the line-of-sight angular velocity is under consideration in this chapter. The target maneuver is treated as a bounded perturbation. More states are demanded, including initial relative speed and distance and error boundaries of them. It is derived from recursive estimation of relative motion kinematics and obtains approximations of relative speed and distance. A simplified sliding mode guidance scheme is given, which requires target acceleration's boundary and inevitably has jitter phenomenon. For overcoming the above shortcomings, an adaptive parameter is utilized to estimate target acceleration's boundary and to adaptively adjust in terms of the lineof-sight angular velocity; moreover, the Lyapunov stabilization has been analyzed. The proposed guidance scheme's brief characteristic is to decrease the effect of relative speed and distance on the guidance precision and to strengthen the influence of line-of-sight

This chapter's rest part is listed hereafter. The problem statement is given in Section 2. Two robust guidance schemes based on the SMC are presented in Section 3. Section 4 carries out

separation method.

angular velocity.

the target's complicated maneuver will decrease.

uncertainty is merged with the SMC to suppress disturbances [15].

simulations, and conclusions are given in Section 5.

For passive seekers, which are equipped with electro-optical or infrared sensors, the line-ofsight angular velocity can be observed only. If an estimation equation is assumed to estimate target kinematics, relative speed and distance and target's acceleration will be identified. The commonly used estimation model is a Kalman filter. At the same time, one must select a target's motion model, like the current statistical model, the Singer model, or the interactive multi-model scheme [3]. For polishing up the estimating performance of the target's maneuvers, observability of the interception problem with LOS angular velocity measurement is analyzed [4]. It concludes that current homing guidance schemes result in a decrease in observability of tracking the target. Because relative distance cannot be observed from the line-of-sight measurement, it is necessary to use a special type of self-motion to solve this problem. Thus, the method of introducing LOS angular oscillatory motion is presented in [4] to improve the observability. The oscillatory motion of the LOS angle improves observability, but the trajectories generated by the guidance schemes are inevitably influenced by this motion mode and affect final guidance precision. Therefore, the target maneuver estimation is constrained by a lot of practical limitations.

The sliding mode control (SMC) is robust to disturbances. Therefore, it is employed to develop adaptive guidance schemes for target's unpredictable maneuver without requirements to estimate the target's acceleration. Recently, many guidance schemes based on the SMC have been proposed, for instance, the guidance schemes based on the adaptive and optimal SMC [5– 7], the high-order SMC [8, 9], SMC-based integrated guidance and control (IGC) [10, 11], and SMC with impacting angle constraint [12–14].

SMC-based optimal and adaptive guidance schemes have become a focus since the 1990s. An adaptive sliding mode guidance (ASMG) scheme is presented in [5] for target maneuvering and parameter disturbance of the guidance system. In addition, an optimal sliding mode guidance (OSMG) scheme is deduced from the ASMG, and the optimal guidance coefficients are given in [6]. In [7], the Fuzzy OSMG (FOSMG) formulated by the OSMG and PNG is stated by adjusting the weights of the OSMG and PNG using fuzzy logic. It is noted that the FOSMG owns the advantages of the PNG for nonmaneuvering targets and the OSMG for maneuvering targets. The ASMG, OSMG, and FOSMG have practical advantages of simple expressions. Nevertheless, it is essential to identify the target's normal load to adjust weights of the FOSMG.

The higher order sliding mode guidance (HOSMG) scheme is a current research highlight. While the SMC-based first-order guidance is a balance between smoothing jitter and ensuring robustness through switching frequently, the HOSMG generates control commands smoothly to systems with relative degree arbitrarily. A smooth guidance scheme based on a second-order sliding mode is developed for solving the uncertainties of the actuator and the target's maneuver [8]. In [9], a terminal guidance law with known convergent time is proposed by using the finite-time mean-square practical convergence as sliding surfaces. It validates that HOSMG is robust to stochastic noises and bounded uncertainty and does not have high-frequency jitters. The HOSMG's flaw exists in converging slowly for real time due to complex algorithms.

Integrated guidance and control (IGC) which is based on the SMC has become an unusual approach for developing a guidance system. The traditional timescale separation method splits the guidance system into an inner loop autopilot and an outer loop command system. The IGC system merges the two loops into a unique loop. Based on self-motion and relative motion states, the IGC produces commands to aero surfaces straight. Zero effort miss is used to be a sliding surface for developing the IGC [10, 11]. Due to the complex coupling between guidance and control states, this method does not spread more widely than an intuitive timescale separation method.

the target maneuver, it is necessary to develop advanced guidance schemes [1, 2]. These advanced guidance schemes usually require more information, like relative speed and dis-

For passive seekers, which are equipped with electro-optical or infrared sensors, the line-ofsight angular velocity can be observed only. If an estimation equation is assumed to estimate target kinematics, relative speed and distance and target's acceleration will be identified. The commonly used estimation model is a Kalman filter. At the same time, one must select a target's motion model, like the current statistical model, the Singer model, or the interactive multi-model scheme [3]. For polishing up the estimating performance of the target's maneuvers, observability of the interception problem with LOS angular velocity measurement is analyzed [4]. It concludes that current homing guidance schemes result in a decrease in observability of tracking the target. Because relative distance cannot be observed from the line-of-sight measurement, it is necessary to use a special type of self-motion to solve this problem. Thus, the method of introducing LOS angular oscillatory motion is presented in [4] to improve the observability. The oscillatory motion of the LOS angle improves observability, but the trajectories generated by the guidance schemes are inevitably influenced by this motion mode and affect final guidance precision. Therefore, the target maneuver estimation is

The sliding mode control (SMC) is robust to disturbances. Therefore, it is employed to develop adaptive guidance schemes for target's unpredictable maneuver without requirements to estimate the target's acceleration. Recently, many guidance schemes based on the SMC have been proposed, for instance, the guidance schemes based on the adaptive and optimal SMC [5– 7], the high-order SMC [8, 9], SMC-based integrated guidance and control (IGC) [10, 11], and

SMC-based optimal and adaptive guidance schemes have become a focus since the 1990s. An adaptive sliding mode guidance (ASMG) scheme is presented in [5] for target maneuvering and parameter disturbance of the guidance system. In addition, an optimal sliding mode guidance (OSMG) scheme is deduced from the ASMG, and the optimal guidance coefficients are given in [6]. In [7], the Fuzzy OSMG (FOSMG) formulated by the OSMG and PNG is stated by adjusting the weights of the OSMG and PNG using fuzzy logic. It is noted that the FOSMG owns the advantages of the PNG for nonmaneuvering targets and the OSMG for maneuvering targets. The ASMG, OSMG, and FOSMG have practical advantages of simple expressions. Nevertheless, it is essential to identify the target's normal load to adjust weights of the

The higher order sliding mode guidance (HOSMG) scheme is a current research highlight. While the SMC-based first-order guidance is a balance between smoothing jitter and ensuring robustness through switching frequently, the HOSMG generates control commands smoothly to systems with relative degree arbitrarily. A smooth guidance scheme based on a second-order sliding mode is developed for solving the uncertainties of the actuator and the target's maneuver [8]. In [9], a terminal guidance law with known convergent time is proposed by using the finite-time mean-square practical convergence as sliding surfaces. It validates that HOSMG is robust to stochastic noises and bounded uncertainty and does not have high-frequency jitters. The

HOSMG's flaw exists in converging slowly for real time due to complex algorithms.

tance, target's acceleration, or time-to-go.

26 Adaptive Robust Control Systems

constrained by a lot of practical limitations.

SMC with impacting angle constraint [12–14].

FOSMG.

Based on the SMC, the guidance scheme with impacting angle constraint is designed to solve the problem of directional impacting. In practical cases, a specific impacting angle is desired to directionally hit the target or to better detect thee target. Under the impacting angle constraint, the result from ideal initial attack conditions can meet the interception requirements for nonmaneuvering and step-maneuvering targets [12–14]. However, the guidance accuracy of the target's complicated maneuver will decrease.

To sum up, although guidance schemes based on the SMC and target's maneuver estimation algorithms act excellently in simulation, the computation degrees of them have become too complex to realize. In fact, one needs a simple-expression guidance scheme based on the SMC, and if not requiring the target acceleration, it will be better. In addition, the discontinuous characteristic induced by the sliding mode part can cause jitter of guidance commands that is detrimental to the aero fins. The coefficient of sliding mode part indicates target acceleration's boundary. Actually, it is hard to get the boundary. If setting the boundary too great, the autopilot might be saturated; if setting the boundary too tiny, the sliding mode's presence cannot be guaranteed. With the target acceleration's unknown boundary, for ensuring the stability, the simplified guidance schemes based on the SMC including the FOSMG, OSMG, and ASMG have greater sliding mode part, which might cause jitter. Adaptive control offers a solution. The unknown parameters can be estimated in the online identification for the uncertain system. Nevertheless, it has no capability to suppress disturbances. Thus, the adaptive control to identify the upper boundary of the system uncertainty is merged with the SMC to suppress disturbances [15].

An interceptor-target pursuit-evasion game which only employs the line-of-sight angular velocity is under consideration in this chapter. The target maneuver is treated as a bounded perturbation. More states are demanded, including initial relative speed and distance and error boundaries of them. It is derived from recursive estimation of relative motion kinematics and obtains approximations of relative speed and distance. A simplified sliding mode guidance scheme is given, which requires target acceleration's boundary and inevitably has jitter phenomenon. For overcoming the above shortcomings, an adaptive parameter is utilized to estimate target acceleration's boundary and to adaptively adjust in terms of the lineof-sight angular velocity; moreover, the Lyapunov stabilization has been analyzed. The proposed guidance scheme's brief characteristic is to decrease the effect of relative speed and distance on the guidance precision and to strengthen the influence of line-of-sight angular velocity.

This chapter's rest part is listed hereafter. The problem statement is given in Section 2. Two robust guidance schemes based on the SMC are presented in Section 3. Section 4 carries out simulations, and conclusions are given in Section 5.
