**7. A descriptive model of the slant bias function for manual reaching space**

The main purpose of our present study has been to clear up an apparent discrepancy in the coding of near-space orientation. That is, for manual reaching space, there had seemed to be a discrepancy between the dynamic touch results of Hajnal et al. (2011) and the static haptic results of Durgin, Li and Hajnal (2010). The present results support the idea that the same bias exists for dynamic touch as has been found for visual slant perception and static haptic slant perception. The bias function found previously for the evaluation of visual slants and for haptic slants experienced by static contact has now been replicated for dynamic touch by fingertip. In combination with recent evidence that the proprioceptively-perceived orientation of a freely-extended hand shows a very similar bias function (Li & Durgin, submitted), the present results seem to point to a stable and systematic bias in the perception of 3D orientation in reachable space.
