**5.4 Creating the ligamentous soft tissues**

176 Haptics Rendering and Applications

and posterior view of several muscles in neck/trunk regions. Table 1 lists attachment

Fig. 11. Front and side view of the complete discretized spine

Fig. 12. Neck and trunk muscle set: (a) Anterior view; (b) Posterior view

Table 1. Attachment locations of neck and trunk muscle set

Index Muscle Attach proximal Attach distal 1 Rectus abdominis Sternum Pelvis 2 Obliquus externus Ribs Pelvis 3 Scalenus medius C5 Ribs 4 Scalenus anterior C5 Ribs 5 Sternocleidomastiodeus Head Scapula 6 Erector spinae 2 L2 Pelvis 7 Erector spinae 3 T7 L2 8 Erector spinae 1 T7 Pelvis 9 Scalenus posterior C5 Ribs 10 Splenius cervicis Head C7 11 Splenius capitis Head T1

locations of these muscles.

To stabilize the spine model, interspinous, flaval, anterior longitudinal, posterior longitudinal and capsule ligaments are created. Figure 13 displays various types of ligaments attached to vertebrae in the cervical spine region

Fig. 13. Various types of ligaments in the cervical spine
