**4.2 Joysticks**

The joystick has been the principal fight control in the cockpit of many aircraft, particularly military fast jets. It has also been used for controlling machines such as cranes, trucks, underwater unmanned vehicles, and wheelchairs but also very popular to control video games. It is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling. Its origins date since early 20th century and are related to the aviation pioneers where its mechanical origins are uncertain but the term "joystick" was coined to Robert Loraine.

An arcade ticks is a large-format controller for use with home game consoles or computers. Most joysticks are two-dimensional, having two axes of movement (similar to a mouse), but one and three-dimensional joysticks do exist. An analog joystick is a joystick which has continuous states, i.e. returns an angle measure of the movement in any direction in the plane or the space (usually using potentiometers) and a digital joystick gives only on/off signals for four different directions, and mechanically possible combinations (such as upright, down-left, etc.). Digital joysticks were very common as game controllers for the video game consoles, arcade machines, and home computers of the 1980s.

The force feedback joystick is similar to ordinary ones however it has in addition a couple of electrical motors and gear train or belt system and microprocessor. The X-axis and Y-axis shafts are connected to the stick both engage a belt pulley. The other end of the belt for each axis engages a motor's axle. In this setup, rotating the motor axle will move the belt to pivot the shaft, and pivoting the shaft will move the belt to rotate the motor axle. The belt's function

2006 more realistic racing simulators and more affordable appeared in the scene. For instance the Logitech G25 wheel offers advanced features which, until now, could be found only in specialized or custom-made racing simulators that sometimes cost thousands of dollars to assemble, thus introduced the industry's first two-motor force-feedback mechanism with the G25 wheel console, providing stronger and more precise feedback as well as 2 1/5 rotation feature(900 degrees). With a second motor, the directional forces are more realistic and evenly distributed throughout the wheel – drivers will feel everything

In 2007 things were tuned up with Forza Motorsport 2 on the Xbox 360 using the Microsoft Wireless Force Feedback Wheel. Force feedback is an extremely useful haptic interface. It provides real-time info on several key aspects of Forza Motorsport 2's physics model. Obviously, force feedback simulates the steering wheel torque created by having the front tires on different terrain types, such as asphalt, rumble strips, or grass. It also simulates load balance between tires as well as slippage. At the end of 2007, Saitek has launched its new R660GT Force Feedback Wheel, a USB racing wheel with force feedback and switchable gearstick. The R660GT wheel comes with a solid G-clamp to securely fix the wheel to a desk, and the soft handle finish ensures a strong grip. Its setup includes pedals that can be customized to suit the driver, so that they can operate independently of each other or can be combined to suit different games or a player's driving style. Unlike most other driving wheels, the R660GT pedals accurately reflect the positioning of pedals in a real car, pivoted from the top rather than the bottom, whilst the brake offers more resistance than the accelerator. 2009 is the era of wireless, therefore Logitech Speed Force Wireless Racing Wheel Works With EA's Highly Anticipated Racing Game Need for Speed™ Undercover.

The joystick has been the principal fight control in the cockpit of many aircraft, particularly military fast jets. It has also been used for controlling machines such as cranes, trucks, underwater unmanned vehicles, and wheelchairs but also very popular to control video games. It is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling. Its origins date since early 20th century and are related to the aviation pioneers where its mechanical origins are uncertain but the term

An arcade ticks is a large-format controller for use with home game consoles or computers. Most joysticks are two-dimensional, having two axes of movement (similar to a mouse), but one and three-dimensional joysticks do exist. An analog joystick is a joystick which has continuous states, i.e. returns an angle measure of the movement in any direction in the plane or the space (usually using potentiometers) and a digital joystick gives only on/off signals for four different directions, and mechanically possible combinations (such as upright, down-left, etc.). Digital joysticks were very common as game controllers for the video

The force feedback joystick is similar to ordinary ones however it has in addition a couple of electrical motors and gear train or belt system and microprocessor. The X-axis and Y-axis shafts are connected to the stick both engage a belt pulley. The other end of the belt for each axis engages a motor's axle. In this setup, rotating the motor axle will move the belt to pivot the shaft, and pivoting the shaft will move the belt to rotate the motor axle. The belt's function

game consoles, arcade machines, and home computers of the 1980s.

from the banks in the road to impact with walls, structures and other cars.

**4.2 Joysticks** 

"joystick" was coined to Robert Loraine.

is to transmit and amplify the force from the motor to the shaft. One thing that differentiates force feedback joysticks from traditional joysticks is the lack of a centering spring. This spring keeps the joystick's neutral position in the middle (at 0,0 in terms of the x- and y-axis). Force feedback joysticks do not have the traditional centering spring; instead they rely on small servos or motors to push the joystick into the center of the range of movement

In 1977, the Atari 2600 game console was launched with a joystick that had one button to use. In 1978 a patent was released which disclosed a joystick controller that includes a plurality of pressure actuated switches disposed about the axis of the joystick handle. The ZX Interface 2 was a peripheral from Sinclair Research for its ZX Spectrum home computer released in September 1983. It had two joystick ports that were mapped to actual key presses and the hardware came with ROM cartridge which was very limited. Released in 1987, the Atari XE Game System (XEGS) came with a detachable keyboard, joystick, and light gun. Essentially, the XE was a repackaged Atari 65XE, hence the compatibility with almost all Atari 8bit software and hardware.

In 1989 a joystick handle which is telescopic like a car antenna was released. This joystick can save space when not in use and it can save space when packed for shipment. The joystick length is customizable to the individual user's input needs as described. Another type is a miniature joystick incorporated into the functional area of the keyboard. This miniature joystick has been successfully incorporated into a number of laptop computers. In 1995, Dear Ace Pilot The Phoenix Flight and Weapons Control System by Advanced Gravis is getting lots of raves among gamers. It's fast, ergonomic and completely programmable with 24 buttons that can map to keyboard or joystick functions.

Microsoft's latest Force Feedback 2 Joystick comes complete with feature rich enhancements and new force feedback effects. The most practical aspect of the force feedback in this game is that if the plane stalls in flight, the stick will shake just like in a real aircraft. You can also feel the thud when the landing gear retracts. The force feedback for these events is rather small - while you can feel the stick shake when the gear retracts, it isn't something that is going to disturb your control over the joystick. It's the small details like these, the added sensations, that will add to the gaming experience.

In 2004, Logitech is introducing its latest controller for the PlayStation 2 - the Logitech Flight Force joystick during the 2004 International Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. For an immersive experience, the three-component Logitech Flight System G940 features a force feedback joystick, dual throttle and rudder pedals and has more than 250 programmable button options integrated into a fully featured HOTAS (or Hands On Throttle-and-Stick)
