**2. Brief history of learning**

learners. Education stakeholders; leaders; teachers, faculty, and other educators; researchers; policymakers; funders; technology developers; community members and organizations; and learners and their families are also important in this issue. The needs and preferences of these

In this context, it is necessary to develop different methods in order to offer better education in distance education as well as to develop new technologies to influence learners. On the other hand, the modes of learning are evolving from mass to individual by means of modern

Distance learning has become more acceptable learning style which is nowadays adopted by the general public. In fact, most learning outcomes are shifting from classical education to hybrid education which has several intersection points with e-learning and m-learning. Flipped learning and STEM are used more and more in learning structures. These areas are at the forefront of the fields discussed in such topics as the development of different robot tutors in practice. Presenting standard information by such systems will convenience the students. Moreover, support for different individuals at appropriate speeds in terms of their learning speeds and structures leads to the acquisition of accepted standard information according to

Educational institutions and educational life has been changing after the communication and internet technologies. Actually, the efforts to change the critiques and approaches in the world of education in post-1960 have been increased, and the necessity of finding new and different perspectives has been emphasized. However, according to Bruner [1], support of education in a manner has not changed very much over the centuries. Especially from his book written in 1966 till today, most of the universities still have the same pattern which is admittedly medieval; in the schools, this pattern is even older and tempered only by the inroads of progressive education which, in turn, have been diluted through misunderstanding, misapplication, and lack of skilled practitioners. In the same period Jacques Ellul [2] said that "Education must seek, rater, to develop a balanced way all their faculties, physical, manual, psychic, and intellectual and in this last, it must seek personal observation and reasoning instead of rote learning". Computer technology has just begun to be used in these days. During this period, this technology let create educational alternatives to occur futuristic opinions. At that time, compared to technological developments, there was not much improvement in the speed of

Thanks to Alvin Toffler about mentioning the third wave in human life which indicates the information age. These kinds of foresights affected all of us. Learning could not be out of this. The first wave in campus technologies has evolved the educational environment from oneway education to information-driven learning management systems. This means digitally literated life has started for the educational institutions. In this situation, the content development is very important and the latest educational technologies offer creative solutions for the

However, people are getting more curious for the subjects and events around the world, as there is a big difference in our environment for the last two decades. These are the effects of

stakeholders are also changing in this roundabout situations all around the world.

communication technology.

118 Open and Equal Access for Learning in School Management

the learning speed and structure of the individual.

development of teaching methods.

content development.

Learning notion starts when people born (even they become fetus), and keeps up life-long. There is no certain date but 30,000 BC the first presumed existence of man. Since then human beings have started learning to sustain their life in the world. Ceramics production started after 5000 BC then first wheel was invented in 4000 BC. This technology offered easier and better transportation and life during that day. Early forms of writing in Ziggurats started in 3400 BC. These were pictographic writings of Sumerians. Hieroglyphics in Egypt, accounting in Inca [4] and then Chinese writing started in 1500 BC were the mainframes of the information architecture of knowledge and learning. Then, Roman alphabet was the result of nearly 4000 years of transformation [5]. By 100 AD boys and girls in Roman Britain went to a school called a ludus to learn reading and writing. At about the age of 12, boys went on to learn rhetoric, history, literature, and geometry. Upper class Roman women were often highly educated at home by tutors [6]. In Medieval Age, we saw some handwritings in several civilizations. But these were very special knowledge and that wisdom had belonged to some special groups (clan, religious order, or so).

Nowadays people are consuming through the globally disseminated popular culture products, which frequently reached across a multitude of semiotic domains and "affinity spaces" like music, films, football, sports, etc. Put differently, teenagers' everyday literacy practices with learning − driven by and linked to fun and enjoyment – were grounded in their individual interests within local contexts but were nonetheless influenced by global flows of media, information, and culture. Rothoni [12] has taken this for learning English but it is the same

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The fact that the content of learning is moving to different forms with the technology available across multiple devices. Therefore, teaching environments become more challenging and more creative. Most of the content is being generated, shared, and continuously updated by

According to Benson-Armer et al. [13], new and disruptive content of learning is moving to the cloud, becoming accessible across multiple devices, and teaching environments. These contents are enriched by the new technologies such as virtual reality, augmented reality (AR), simulations, etc. The introduction of broadcasting also allowed more flexibility on teaching/ learning in a broader environment. Broadcasting technology shaped the idea of open education and open learning even more. Nasseh [9] also tried to explain these for distance educa-

There are different ways for representing abstract concepts in an interactive way. These are visualization, animation, and simulations and these techniques can be used across several disciplines [10]. But before coming into detail, we should better check the evaluation of the

Since our work is in its infancy, our work can be considered as a descriptive study. In this context, a literature review has taken on the subject. We also tried to evaluate the educational methods both for face-to-face and online environments. Then we wanted to conclude this

In this section, it will be useful to take a brief look at traditional education to assess the direction of "Teaching" toward "Learning". The traditional method of education is basically based on three types of learning: systematic, static, and knowledge with appropriate content. It is structural, and to understand the proper content, static so long-winded content that can be turned into a permanent knowledge base that is based on the enrichment of teaching basic

from our observations and opinions which are semantically brought together.

**4. Evaluation of educational methods until today**

for all subjects.

tion in the historical timeline.

educational methods until today.

may be content to other disciplines.

**3. Methodology**

users.

After the printing press was invented by Gutenberg in China, these scripts could be distributed to many people to read. So many writers and philosophers had several thoughts about human being. Many literatures were written after the start of printing press. This started the massive increase in access to books and knowledge. This also caused various works to be translated from different languages and shared. During Modern Age 1492–1789 AD, the new military technologies were developed. This period has started the urbanization that caused people to be settled. The Renaissance and Reform movements also advanced the art and the science. Individuals think more about the details of several issues of life after 1789 French Revolution. In late 1800, Magic Lantern inspired the visual instruction movement then people had access to visual media for educational purposes. In 1900, Dewey [7] has said "Humans best learn though real life activities".

During the same period, human beings faced industrial revolution that needed a mass schooling systems. Then mass media has effected life of all people with films, radio, and TV. These made the mass media an important tool for manipulation and guidance. Mass media began to show examples of modern human beings or say popular culture.

Starting from 1930, world became acquainted with TV. In 1950s, instructional programming has started. It can resemble that the TV news in the mass media arrange information age those who produce TV news can exert a powerful influence on our opinions simply by determining which events are given exposure and how much exposure they are given [8]. There were also some studies of distance learning and TV broadcasting [9, 10]. Then after 1980s, personal computer came out on stage which let the people to individually find or calculate the information easily. Word processing and other types of software has been used to create some new educational tools. In 1990s, another stepping stone to information age is internet. It was a kind of revolution after French Revolution, which has changed some of the basic concepts and rules for the human beings. World Wide Web has become a mainstream where these new digital technologies appear to be connective and social in nature after 1990s. These new technologies have brought a suite of practices that originate in open, web-based interaction for institutions, and organizations which has also been argued by Flaythornthwaite and Andrews [11]. Then after 2000s, Web 2.0 changed the rules of the game to make individuals and information become interactive.

Given the power of these technologies, it is reasonable to ask which factors determine which learning items are selected for each content. The answer is not easy. But there are several things to think about like games and some other attractive activities that motive learners. How this should be done, how the new generation should approach it, and how it should be addressed should be evaluated. For example, there should be the basis of entertainment.

Nowadays people are consuming through the globally disseminated popular culture products, which frequently reached across a multitude of semiotic domains and "affinity spaces" like music, films, football, sports, etc. Put differently, teenagers' everyday literacy practices with learning − driven by and linked to fun and enjoyment – were grounded in their individual interests within local contexts but were nonetheless influenced by global flows of media, information, and culture. Rothoni [12] has taken this for learning English but it is the same for all subjects.

The fact that the content of learning is moving to different forms with the technology available across multiple devices. Therefore, teaching environments become more challenging and more creative. Most of the content is being generated, shared, and continuously updated by users.

According to Benson-Armer et al. [13], new and disruptive content of learning is moving to the cloud, becoming accessible across multiple devices, and teaching environments. These contents are enriched by the new technologies such as virtual reality, augmented reality (AR), simulations, etc. The introduction of broadcasting also allowed more flexibility on teaching/ learning in a broader environment. Broadcasting technology shaped the idea of open education and open learning even more. Nasseh [9] also tried to explain these for distance education in the historical timeline.

There are different ways for representing abstract concepts in an interactive way. These are visualization, animation, and simulations and these techniques can be used across several disciplines [10]. But before coming into detail, we should better check the evaluation of the educational methods until today.
