**The Vital Readiness Level of the Youth: Psychology and Education Management Approaches Education Management Approaches**

**The Vital Readiness Level of the Youth: Psychology and** 

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.71090

Nicel Masaroğulları, Müzeyyen Alasya,

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Nicel Masaroğulları, Müzeyyen Alasya, Sibel Dinçyürek, Yeliz Akıntuğ, Fatma Burçin Hocaoğlu and İpek Alkan Sibel Dinçyürek, Yeliz Akıntuğ, Fatma Burçin Hocaoğlu and İpek Alkan Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71090

#### **Abstract**

The aim of this study is to determine the problems, expectations, and readiness-for-solution of the young people living in the town. In order to present suggestions about how school administrations should have an approach to education management, 36 voluntary young people (10 women and 26 men) participated to the study who lived in Famagusta city of TRNC in 2016. In this study, the data were collected through semi-structured focus group interview. The data, which are used for the results, were analyzed through content analysis. As a result of the data analysis, participant's expectations are grouped under four headings. After analyzing the data, it is recommended that state, in cooperation with several public bodies including local governments, has to find commissions on voluntary basis toward youth and give the young people some roles in these commissions so as to prevent discrimination and marginalization, and enforce the sense of belonging. For this reason, it is recommended that in addition to their principal roles, local governments and education management should lead services for keeping the youth out of bad habits.

**Keywords:** city, young people, youngsters roles, young people's expectations, young people's problems

### **1. Introduction**

Since the day societies existed, they have gone through some changes due to several reasons characteristically; however, all societies basically tended to continue their existence and their generation. For this reason, societies need young people with awareness and responsibility so as to continue their functionalities and make possible their basic purposes in a healthy

Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons

manner. In other words, regardless of the characteristics of a society, they need the dynamic structure of young people so that they can improve in areas and institutions such as social, political, economic, family, and religion.

that the system can provide to be convenient. There are two types of systems: general and specific. The general environment of the school, the society and the private environment, affect the graduates and are affected by them. Many indirect and direct variables affect schools. For example; social structure, political structure, administrative units, economic structure, social change and tendencies, resources, legal regulations, and scientific and technological developments are some of these. The school is connected to all these variables in terms of input and

The Vital Readiness Level of the Youth: Psychology and Education Management Approaches

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233

For this reason, well-grown, well-educated youth is expected to have the potential which will lead to positive fundamental changes for the state, society, and school. Briefly stated, it is expected that institutions such as family, religion, education economics, and politics can perform their functions in a systematic manner, and relations and interaction level between institutions can be associated with national targets and modern global standards with positive contribution of education institutions [8]. As mentioned above, it can be said that the

From an economic point of view, development and revival of the state in economic terms, associated with industrialization, led to a steady increase in the need for qualified individuals. For this reason, well-grown and educated individuals will mean qualified workforce and bran force for the state, which means that state and society will be able to develop independently. In other words, appropriate education environments have to be created so that the qualified personnel needed for the economic development of the society can be educated and youngsters can adapt to the social order in which they live [1]. In order to achieve this aim, education must be provided equally and must be accessible and available to all citizens

Examined from a societal point of view, youngsters who complete their socio-cultural development fully with a good education, as regards the society they live in, can be earned by the society as individuals with the potential for transferring national cultural heritage to new generations. Otherwise, the youngsters will face with adaptation process and efforts for dealing with difficulties which is a result of differentiation in economic and social platforms in the world changing with modernism will lead them to suffer from higher anxiety levels [2]. Anxiety is a state of emotion which is experienced against a possible danger from internal or external environment or a situation perceived as dangerous by the individual [9]. It is known that if anxiety increases, young people will have serious problems in planning their futures and decision-making. In other words, it is known that responsibilities in making professional decisions, planning their futures, making friends, and fear from future causes anxiety among young individuals [9]. In order to eliminate or minimize the anxiety levels of youngsters as regards these problems, conditions in all state institutions, especially in economic and educational agencies, have to be improved and restructured. "It can be recommended that services which will reduce the anxiety of youngsters toward future in terms of social welfare, and help them continue their lives more healthily in both physical and mental terms, should be extended and necessary policies should be formulated and implemented" [2]. Earning the youngsters, using their existing potential, and making them a part of the society in the best way possible is the task of not only the state but also a problem which

greatest task generally falls on the state, in particular, local governments.

output. So it can sustain its existence [7].

in society.

As a result of the phenomenon of urbanization and fundamental changes in industrial revolution and education which emerged with modernization [1], the concept of youth appears as a separate category. However, youth period is not a period which can be handled unidimensional; the multi-dimensional period of youth which includes changes in biological, psychological, and social-cultural functions represents an era when social and economic problems are experienced and some critical decisions are made as regards life and future [2]. In order for the young people to overcome this complicated period, they have to make sound future planning and establish healthy social relations.

Obviously, the most prominent feature of our day is the rapid changes that occur in all areas. These rapid changes and the increasing diversity in the world further increase the needs of citizens who are aware of their knowledge and responsibilities. The education of the establishment of this citizenship, that is, the prosperity of the schools, is widely accepted [3]. For this reason, it may be appropriate for schools to make the system suitable by following the innovations that cannot be ignored and the education system will keep up with these changes.

The education system is a whole and this system constitutes a student, teacher, school, inspector, manager, family, purpose, subject, method, and environment items which have a close interaction between them [4]. It is thought that all these items in the system should work in a harmonious manner and be equipped with the awareness, knowledge, and skill to keep up with the changes brought about by today's world and to be able to apply them.

There is a need for general rules and constructs that will support openness to change, which will facilitate compliance with these changes. In this context, the important factors are school administrators' perspectives and value systems [5].

In addition for that, national mechanisms, local governments, and school managements are expected to provide opportunities to the youngsters and support them in designing their future in the best way possible. It is believed that offering these opportunities to the young people and giving government support in shaping their future plans will carry the state and society to the future. One of the most basic mechanisms to achieve this is undoubtedly education administrators, school administrators, and schools.

Student-centered leadership is the forerunner in the formation of research contingency, decision-making, systematic community integration, globalization and the development of the information society, education and contemporary context of school leadership. In this context, the needs, expectations, and problems of the young people are determined by scientific means so that education administrators and school administrators should evaluate these data and provide services to provide the development of young people and their social integration [6].

According to Başaran, a system should have a favorable environment for living, because the environment is necessary for the life of the system. The environment is formed with inputs that the system can provide to be convenient. There are two types of systems: general and specific. The general environment of the school, the society and the private environment, affect the graduates and are affected by them. Many indirect and direct variables affect schools. For example; social structure, political structure, administrative units, economic structure, social change and tendencies, resources, legal regulations, and scientific and technological developments are some of these. The school is connected to all these variables in terms of input and output. So it can sustain its existence [7].

manner. In other words, regardless of the characteristics of a society, they need the dynamic structure of young people so that they can improve in areas and institutions such as social,

As a result of the phenomenon of urbanization and fundamental changes in industrial revolution and education which emerged with modernization [1], the concept of youth appears as a separate category. However, youth period is not a period which can be handled unidimensional; the multi-dimensional period of youth which includes changes in biological, psychological, and social-cultural functions represents an era when social and economic problems are experienced and some critical decisions are made as regards life and future [2]. In order for the young people to overcome this complicated period, they have to make sound future

Obviously, the most prominent feature of our day is the rapid changes that occur in all areas. These rapid changes and the increasing diversity in the world further increase the needs of citizens who are aware of their knowledge and responsibilities. The education of the establishment of this citizenship, that is, the prosperity of the schools, is widely accepted [3]. For this reason, it may be appropriate for schools to make the system suitable by following the innovations that cannot be ignored and the education system will keep up with these

The education system is a whole and this system constitutes a student, teacher, school, inspector, manager, family, purpose, subject, method, and environment items which have a close interaction between them [4]. It is thought that all these items in the system should work in a harmonious manner and be equipped with the awareness, knowledge, and skill to keep up

There is a need for general rules and constructs that will support openness to change, which will facilitate compliance with these changes. In this context, the important factors are school

In addition for that, national mechanisms, local governments, and school managements are expected to provide opportunities to the youngsters and support them in designing their future in the best way possible. It is believed that offering these opportunities to the young people and giving government support in shaping their future plans will carry the state and society to the future. One of the most basic mechanisms to achieve this is undoubtedly educa-

Student-centered leadership is the forerunner in the formation of research contingency, decision-making, systematic community integration, globalization and the development of the information society, education and contemporary context of school leadership. In this context, the needs, expectations, and problems of the young people are determined by scientific means so that education administrators and school administrators should evaluate these data and provide services to provide the development of young people and their social

According to Başaran, a system should have a favorable environment for living, because the environment is necessary for the life of the system. The environment is formed with inputs

with the changes brought about by today's world and to be able to apply them.

political, economic, family, and religion.

232 Open and Equal Access for Learning in School Management

planning and establish healthy social relations.

administrators' perspectives and value systems [5].

tion administrators, school administrators, and schools.

changes.

integration [6].

For this reason, well-grown, well-educated youth is expected to have the potential which will lead to positive fundamental changes for the state, society, and school. Briefly stated, it is expected that institutions such as family, religion, education economics, and politics can perform their functions in a systematic manner, and relations and interaction level between institutions can be associated with national targets and modern global standards with positive contribution of education institutions [8]. As mentioned above, it can be said that the greatest task generally falls on the state, in particular, local governments.

From an economic point of view, development and revival of the state in economic terms, associated with industrialization, led to a steady increase in the need for qualified individuals. For this reason, well-grown and educated individuals will mean qualified workforce and bran force for the state, which means that state and society will be able to develop independently. In other words, appropriate education environments have to be created so that the qualified personnel needed for the economic development of the society can be educated and youngsters can adapt to the social order in which they live [1]. In order to achieve this aim, education must be provided equally and must be accessible and available to all citizens in society.

Examined from a societal point of view, youngsters who complete their socio-cultural development fully with a good education, as regards the society they live in, can be earned by the society as individuals with the potential for transferring national cultural heritage to new generations. Otherwise, the youngsters will face with adaptation process and efforts for dealing with difficulties which is a result of differentiation in economic and social platforms in the world changing with modernism will lead them to suffer from higher anxiety levels [2]. Anxiety is a state of emotion which is experienced against a possible danger from internal or external environment or a situation perceived as dangerous by the individual [9]. It is known that if anxiety increases, young people will have serious problems in planning their futures and decision-making. In other words, it is known that responsibilities in making professional decisions, planning their futures, making friends, and fear from future causes anxiety among young individuals [9]. In order to eliminate or minimize the anxiety levels of youngsters as regards these problems, conditions in all state institutions, especially in economic and educational agencies, have to be improved and restructured. "It can be recommended that services which will reduce the anxiety of youngsters toward future in terms of social welfare, and help them continue their lives more healthily in both physical and mental terms, should be extended and necessary policies should be formulated and implemented" [2]. Earning the youngsters, using their existing potential, and making them a part of the society in the best way possible is the task of not only the state but also a problem which deserves attention of local governments. It is known that youngsters have a very important place for local governments beyond being essential for the state and the society at large. City councils can be founded to earn the youngsters and use their potential, and their opinions can be evaluated in the projects under the umbrella of a platform open to the opinions of young people. This will also make possible to evaluate the strategy which will be developed as regards the city in the most broad-based manner. When city councils are founded and put into implementation, they will take place as an essential part of participation at local level [10]. Efforts on the participation of the mentioned youngsters argue that participation takes place in three formats, namely individual, collective, and official [11]. For this reason, as participation occurs in three dimensions, desires and wishes of individuals are more easily answered by local governments. In other words, in the face of the expectations, the problems and the difficulties, the local authorities can react instantly to the problems. Also, it is important how people can access local governments in such situations. In addition to the principal roles of local governments, it can be accepted that expectations of people from local governments can change depending on the space and different problems can occur. For example, taking into consideration that Famagusta is a coastal town, local people can expect from local government that services in water sports will be increased; people of another town which is not located on the coast will not have such an expectation from local government. In addition, from the facts that Famagusta has a multi-cultural university and has a closed area under military control, Famagusta youngsters have different expectations and problems; lack of sufficient activity centers, being an historical town and relevant problems are different from other regions.

responsibility of increasing and improving participation of young people, ensuring their sense of belonging and social integration should be assigned to both the local governments and national authorities [13, 14]. In this context, within the scope of social integration, local governments must support socially weighted projects such as culture, sports, alcohol and substance abuse, sexually transmitted diseases and felony-committed youth with the aim of reintegrating them with the society or organize voluntary activities at local governments [15]. Within these activities, youth having a say in decisions will have positive impact on their internalization of social issues. Although youth having an impact on decisions is essential, attention must be paid to the distribution of individuals in the group which is supposed to represent the view of young people. For example, if young people who suffer from exclusion problem are not included in this group, an underrepresentation problem will occur [16]. In the formation of city councils, balance and equality from all respects, especially gender, must be taken into account and the role of organized groups in city councils must be clearly defined [17]. If this distribution is made equally and young people are included in planning process by the local governments, the desires and wishes of young people will claim their place in the plans [18]. However, in the local government laws of TRNC, there are no articles which provide for the participation of young people. In other words, the law 51/1995 states that local governments in TRNC are generally authorized to establish social facilities in only social issues. On the other hand, in Turkey, local governments are determined as special provincial administrations, municipalities, and villages. Municipalities Act No. 5393 and special provincial administrations Act no. 5302 mention youth in the duties and authorities of local governments. Taken from that perspective, it is envisaged that in addition to present laws, local governments will act as guides in directing future generations and shaping the society in terms of ensuring participation of young people and their social integration and development. Therefore, this study will argue that local governments and young people have to work in coordination and based

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The foundation of the future of a country is its youth. For this reason, it is necessary that the problems, expectations, and needs of young people are identified and their perspectives for

Taking into consideration the past events in Cyprus and today's solution or deadlock situation, knowing how young people are affected and their readiness levels are important in terms of regulations and services that will be developed by institutions and agencies, researchers, and experts in the future. Especially in the peace process, the administrators and educators in the schools have very important roles. Considering the expectations and needs of the young people, it is important that the education programs should be reconsidered and arranged; thus, educators and the school administrators should provide services by taking these into consideration. In addition, literature search showed that such a study has not been conducted in the island before, as a result of which it is expected that the data to be obtained will shed

on scientific principles.

**2. Importance of the study**

today and the future are determined.

As mentioned above, taking into consideration that every society has a unique social structure, it can be said that Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) also has a unique structure. Geographical location, neighboring countries, interacted societies and/or historical process, past wards are important factors for a society to develop a unique identity. In this context, it can be said that these factors have great importance in the formation of TRNC's present identity. In other words, considering historical process, it can be claimed that TRNC passed through several stages before reaching its present structure, and both positive and negative processes emerged within past political, economic, and social changes. It is observed that this situation triggers hopelessness especially among youngsters. In this context, it can be said that ensuring that youngsters grow and develop in integrity as a part of their society where they feel healthy and happy is essential. Especially, local governments can play role in eliminating the exclusion tendencies caused by ethnic, religious, political, age, gender, etc. differences among citizens. The exclusion eliminates by improving their belonging feelings, increasing their awareness and participation. "Social exclusion and participation of young people is seen as two opposite concepts and it is emphasised that social inclusion policies cannot become successful unless participation of young people is ensured" [12] as some groups are seen as disadvantaged due to their race, economics status, minority status or social status. Young people are accepted as one of the disadvantaged groups by the United Nations, and participation is emphasized [13]. They form a privileged group for which all local and central mechanisms are given responsibility for improving and increasing their participation. It is expected that the responsibility of increasing and improving participation of young people, ensuring their sense of belonging and social integration should be assigned to both the local governments and national authorities [13, 14]. In this context, within the scope of social integration, local governments must support socially weighted projects such as culture, sports, alcohol and substance abuse, sexually transmitted diseases and felony-committed youth with the aim of reintegrating them with the society or organize voluntary activities at local governments [15]. Within these activities, youth having a say in decisions will have positive impact on their internalization of social issues. Although youth having an impact on decisions is essential, attention must be paid to the distribution of individuals in the group which is supposed to represent the view of young people. For example, if young people who suffer from exclusion problem are not included in this group, an underrepresentation problem will occur [16]. In the formation of city councils, balance and equality from all respects, especially gender, must be taken into account and the role of organized groups in city councils must be clearly defined [17]. If this distribution is made equally and young people are included in planning process by the local governments, the desires and wishes of young people will claim their place in the plans [18]. However, in the local government laws of TRNC, there are no articles which provide for the participation of young people. In other words, the law 51/1995 states that local governments in TRNC are generally authorized to establish social facilities in only social issues. On the other hand, in Turkey, local governments are determined as special provincial administrations, municipalities, and villages. Municipalities Act No. 5393 and special provincial administrations Act no. 5302 mention youth in the duties and authorities of local governments. Taken from that perspective, it is envisaged that in addition to present laws, local governments will act as guides in directing future generations and shaping the society in terms of ensuring participation of young people and their social integration and development. Therefore, this study will argue that local governments and young people have to work in coordination and based on scientific principles.
