**6. Conclusions**

production was completely suppressed by antisense RNA-mediated inhibition of granulebound starch synthase, an approach made possible by the identification of an amylose-free

Transgenic approaches have also provided new ways of understanding and manipulating carbohydrate metabolism aimed at developing genetically in-built resistance to low tempera-

The introgression of desirable genes from wild species to cultivated species and breeding at diploid and tetraploid level can be possible by using molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) strategies. These strategies help to overcome the problems which are associated with selection of many economically important quality traits which are influenced by the environmental factors or require a special test for detecting these traits. MAS do not require DNA manipulations but only resides in the analysis of natural DNA variations that occur after intercrossing different genotypes. The MAS has several advantages over conventional breeding. In MAS breeding, 99% of cultivated genome can be recovered with only three backcross generation instead of the six to seven generations required to recover the same percentage of genome without the use of molecular markers. At present many markers are available, but only few markers such as RFLP, RAPD, AFLP and SSR are most widely used

More than 350 markers that are uniformly distributed on 12 chromosomes saturates the molecular map of potato. There are more than 25 single dominant genes present on potato map. Among these, most of them show resistance to pest and disease while some of genes related to yield and quality traits together. Interspecific hybridization between wild and cultivated genotype is a valuable approach used to transfer the useful genes and in this case the use of species-specific molecular markers would allow the wild genomic content to be reduced in few backcross generations (negative-assisted selection). Potato map is one of the most highly saturated maps with different molecular markers and there are more than 350 markers which covers approximately 90% of the potato genome which provides an extensive opportunity for optimal use of DNA analysis for MAS and making it valuable tool for fixing the genes that controls the expression of quality traits [72]. The important tuber traits such as skin color, flesh color, tuber shape and leptin content [73] are controlled by single loci. The most of tubers traits are polygenic in nature and a lot of mapping work has been carried out by various researchers to localize the related QTLs on the potato map, using different segregating progenies and marker systems. DNA markers helps in early identification of quality traits such as tuber starch content, yield and starch yield potential in potato breeding populations and helps to facilitate the combination of superior alleles for high starch yield in

Potatoes are an important source of carbohydrates, ways of reducing the glycemic impact of potatoes is an important research area. Moreover, existing biodiversity of potato varieties and their nutritional composition need to be explored before engaging in transgenics. The nutrient content of tubers needs to be among the criteria in cultivar promotion. As well as the cultivar-specific nutrient analysis and data dissemination should be systematically

mutant produced by techniques associated with conventional breeding.

ture sweetening caused by an accumulation of glucose and fructose.

for MAS.

52 Potato - From Incas to All Over the World

novel cultivars.

undertaken.

Tuber quality is one of the most important characteristics of potato, it is probably the most poorly defined and least researched at the genetic level. The potato needs a continued improvement of quality traits to meet the needs of a changing and demanding world. Moreover, breeding objectives related to quality for processed potatoes are normally different from those for fresh use. Exploitation of cultivated and wild species of potato as source of valuable quality traits/allelic diversity, the possibility to manipulate whole chromosome sets make sexual hybridization a powerful strategy to produce new and valuable genotypes with high quality. However, the genetic improvement of potato is hampered by several factors, namely, its tetrasomic inheritance, high level of heterozigosity and incompatibility barriers. Moreover, these days molecular breeding helps the breeders for rapid identification of desirable genes and to produce quality traits like starches with modified amylose to amylopectin ratio, and potatoes with a higher nutritional value. As well as, genetic engineering is an additional tool to produce new genetic variability and to study important metabolic pathways. Equally important is the fact that basic studies have contributed to elucidate our knowledge on the genetics, biochemistry and physiology of several quality traits, making breeding efforts less empirical and more predictable. Since most quality traits are genetically controlled, breeding work can successfully meet the quality of potato tubers and fulfills the needs of a changing and demanding world.

#### **Author details**

Meenakshi Kumari<sup>1</sup> , Manoj Kumar2 and Shashank Shekhar Solankey3 \*

\*Address all correspondence to: shashank.hort@gmail.com

1 Department of Vegetable Science, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

2 Division of Vegetable Crops, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

3 Department of Horticulture (Vegetable & Floriculture), Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour (Bhagalpur), Bihar, India

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**Section 2**

**Control of Pests and Diseases**

**Control of Pests and Diseases**

**Chapter 4**

Provisional chapter

**Simulations of Colorado Potato Beetle Development in**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.70777

Simulations of Colorado Potato Beetle Development in

The simulations were conducted using actual data and virtual data. The actual data were recorded in the period of 1986–2005 at 16 localities representing 16 regions of Poland. The virtual data were obtained after transformation of the recorded data to reflect a temperature changes under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5 scenarios according to giss\_e2\_r climate model. The model used in the study was based on scientific reports describing the influence of temperature on acceleration of the onset of egg laying and on successive stages of Colorado potato beetle as well as publications on the effects of photoperiod on the pest diapause. The study showed a growing threat to potato from Colorado potato beetles as a result of the temperature rise. The fastest development of the pest appeared in simulations under RCP8.5 scenario. Of 16 regions surveyed in the study, the south-western part of Poland was found to be most threat-

Keywords: Colorado potato beetle, number of generations, model, climate change, RCP

The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), is the most destructive pest of the potato in many countries all over the world [1]. The pest consumes about 40 cm<sup>2</sup> foliage at the larval stage and almost 10 cm<sup>2</sup> per day as an adult [2]. The distribution of the Colorado potato beetle covers about 8 million km2 in North America [3] and about 6 million km2 in Europe and Asia [4]. It has recently appeared in western China [1] and Iran [5]. According to Vlasova [6], Worner [7] and Jolivet [4], the expected climate change may promote the pest expansion into

> © The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

ened by Colorado potato beetle as a result of anticipated climate change.

**Poland Based on Four Climate Change Scenarios**

Poland Based on Four Climate Change Scenarios

Andrzej Wójtowicz, Marek Wójtowicz,

Andrzej Wójtowicz, Marek Wójtowicz,

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.70777

Maria Pasternak

Maria Pasternak

Abstract

scenarios

1. Introduction

Maciej Zacharczuk, Henryk Ratajkiewicz and

Maciej Zacharczuk, Henryk Ratajkiewicz and

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Provisional chapter

#### **Simulations of Colorado Potato Beetle Development in Poland Based on Four Climate Change Scenarios** Simulations of Colorado Potato Beetle Development in Poland Based on Four Climate Change Scenarios

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.70777

Andrzej Wójtowicz, Marek Wójtowicz, Maciej Zacharczuk, Henryk Ratajkiewicz and Maria Pasternak Andrzej Wójtowicz, Marek Wójtowicz, Maciej Zacharczuk, Henryk Ratajkiewicz and

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Maria Pasternak

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.70777 Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

#### Abstract

The simulations were conducted using actual data and virtual data. The actual data were recorded in the period of 1986–2005 at 16 localities representing 16 regions of Poland. The virtual data were obtained after transformation of the recorded data to reflect a temperature changes under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5 scenarios according to giss\_e2\_r climate model. The model used in the study was based on scientific reports describing the influence of temperature on acceleration of the onset of egg laying and on successive stages of Colorado potato beetle as well as publications on the effects of photoperiod on the pest diapause. The study showed a growing threat to potato from Colorado potato beetles as a result of the temperature rise. The fastest development of the pest appeared in simulations under RCP8.5 scenario. Of 16 regions surveyed in the study, the south-western part of Poland was found to be most threatened by Colorado potato beetle as a result of anticipated climate change.

Keywords: Colorado potato beetle, number of generations, model, climate change, RCP scenarios

#### 1. Introduction

The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), is the most destructive pest of the potato in many countries all over the world [1]. The pest consumes about 40 cm<sup>2</sup> foliage at the larval stage and almost 10 cm<sup>2</sup> per day as an adult [2]. The distribution of the Colorado potato beetle covers about 8 million km2 in North America [3] and about 6 million km2 in Europe and Asia [4]. It has recently appeared in western China [1] and Iran [5]. According to Vlasova [6], Worner [7] and Jolivet [4], the expected climate change may promote the pest expansion into

© The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Korea, Japan, certain areas of the Indian subcontinent, parts of North Africa and the temperate Southern Hemisphere. In Poland, the Colorado potato beetle appeared in 1944 [8]. In 1950, the first great invasion of this species was noticed [9]. Despite the systematic reduction of potato land, the Colorado potato beetle is still a major pest affecting potato crops in Poland [10–12]. Yield losses caused by the feeding of the pest, in the absence of chemical protection, are estimated at 35–40% [13], and in extreme cases, losses can reach 70% of yield [14]. Potato crop losses caused by the Colorado potato beetle are highly dependent on the growth rate of the pest population, which is heavily dependent on meteorological conditions, among which temperature plays a leading role. According to the data from a number of studies, temperature is also the main environmental factor which determines the number of pest generations. The close connection between these two factors indicates the opportunity of using mathematical models expressing relationships between temperature and the rate of Colorado potato beetle development for predicting the influence of climate change on the number of pest generations.

2.2. Meteorological data

egg-laying period and temperature increase.

Table 1. Latitude and longitude of localities analyzed in the study.

Two kinds of meteorological data were used in the study: first, data were registered in the years 1986–2005 at 16 localities representing the 16 regions of Poland; and second, data obtained after transformation of the recorded data to reflect temperature changes under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5 scenarios according to the giss\_e2\_r climate model.

Simulations of Colorado Potato Beetle Development in Poland Based on Four Climate Change Scenarios

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.70777

65

2.3. Simulation of the impact of climate change on Colorado potato beetle development

The study was performed using the NumoGen 2 model, which was developed for the present study based on the earlier version called NumoGen 1 [15]. The main difference between these two models is that NumoGen 2 enables the calculation of differences in the dates of egg laying between regions and years, while NumoGen 1 was only able to consider the changes in temperature triggered by climate changes. But, for all these purposes, the same equation were used, presented by Wójtowicz et al. in [15], describing the relationship between the onset of the

From experiments conducted in the Wielkopolska region at WinnaGóra in the years 2003–2005 when Colorado potato beetle egg laying was noticed in the first decade of June, it was decided to perform simulations of the pest development with the use of meteorological data collected in Poznan in 2005 starting from 27 May to 15 June. This covers the period from 5 days before the start to 5 days after the first decade of June. The start of simulations performed with the use of data collected in Poznań in 1986–2004, as well as those registered at the other 15 localities in the period 1986–2005 and virtual data generated by the giss\_e2\_r model were obtained with

Latitudes and longitudes of the analyzed localities are presented in Table 1.

This has already been studied in Poland [15], but only for the Wielkopolska region and without considering new emission scenarios termed representative concentration pathways (RCPs) recommended by the international climate modeling community through the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to be used in climate modeling and research [16].

RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6 and RCP8.5 are four pathways named according to their 2100 radiative forcing level expressed in Watts per meter square. RCP2.6 is a "peak-and-decline" scenario. By mid-century, its radiative forcing level reaches a value of around 3.1 W/m<sup>2</sup> and then decreases to 2.6 W/m<sup>2</sup> by 2100 [17]. RCP4.5 [18–20] and RCP6.0 [21, 22] are stabilization scenarios in which total radiative forcing is stabilized shortly after 2100, following the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. RCP8.5 is characterized by increasing greenhouse gas emissions over time. This is a representation of scenarios in the literature that lead to high greenhouse gas concentration levels [23].

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of climate change on the development of the Colorado potato beetle and to identify the region most at risk of increase in the number of pest generations.
