**3. Solutions**

• Static power converters using thyristor to control speed and torque of variable speed drives.

Impact on harmonics can range from degradation of performance of equipment to its serious failure. The effects of power system harmonics can be clustered into two broad groups: as effects on power system networks and equipment and effects on telecommunication systems. The most common consequences on the different sectors of an electrical system are summa-

• Excessive energy losses due to the high nonsinusoidal currents, thus leading to high elec-

• The presence of current in the neutral wire with additional losses. An overheating problem

• Equipment failure, standstill of motors, overloading of conductors, blowing of fuses, and

• Series and parallel harmonic resonance, which may cause system component damage,

• Controlled arc welders, controlled furnaces, and ovens.

• Electrolysis loads (aluminum smelters and battery-charging plants).

8 Power System Harmonics - Analysis, Effects and Mitigation Solutions for Power Quality Improvement

• Induction motors working in the saturation region.

• Ballasts in high-power fluorescent discharge lamps.

*2.9.2. Harmonics effects*

rized below [17].

tricity bills.

may occur.

blackouts of lamps.

• Errors in metering of energy consumption.

• Data loss in data-transmission systems.

• Premature aging of equipment.

• UPS sizing issues.

penalties.

equipment failure, and service interruption.

• Interference with telecommunication systems and networks.

• Malfunction of control and protection system performance.

• Harmonic instability which leads to the damage of generator shafts.

• Audible noise in transformers, rotating machines, and motor vibrations.

• Computer and programmable logic controllers' lockups and in correct operation.

• Malfunctioning of voltage and generator regulators with frequent maintenance issues.

• Worsening of loads' power factor with its adverse consequences and utility's imposed

A thorough understanding of electrical system related problems is helpful to implement good power conditioners and custom power devices to enhance the power quality. Today, it is assumed that the most of our electrical loads become nonlinear in nature. Generally, power factor improvement and other power quality-based equipment are the two main groups of solutions that can enhance the power quality performance in a system, thus:

**A.** Power factor improvement equipment [17–24]


These solutions certainly guarantee energy bill savings from reduction of low power factor penalties, not power or energy savings [24].

**B.** Other power quality-based equipment [17, 24–27]


These solutions can enhance the power quality but with no real savings [24].

Each power quality solution has its own merits and drawbacks at different circumstances. Consequently, selection of a precise solution to solve a power quality problem necessitates familiarity with the different technologies to ensure that it is the proper techno-economic solution for an application.

Besides, as the grids transition toward low-carbon technologies, the use of power electronics becomes widespread. Also, renewable sources may introduce harmonic distortions which may adversely affect consumer equipment, but also monitoring and controlling devices that maintain the operational status of the grids themselves, which can lead to large-scale blackouts and significant losses in power networks. Therefore, it is imperative that novel solutions be sought to enable networks to cope with future developments.

[7] Kurt MS, Balci ME, Abdel Aleem SHE. Algorithm for estimating derating of induction motors supplied with under/over unbalanced voltages using response surface method-

Introductory Chapter: Power System Harmonics—Analysis, Effects, and Mitigation Solutions…

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76628

11

[9] IEEE Standard 112-1991. IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Polyphase Induction Motors

[10] Saeed AM et al. Power conditioning using dynamic voltage restorers under different

[11] Balasubramaniam PM, Prabha SU. Power quality issues, solutions and standards: A technology review. Journal of Applied Science and Engineering. 2015;**18**:371-380

[12] Zobaa AF, Abdel Aleem SHE, editors. Power Quality in Future Electrical Power Systems

[13] Polycarpou A. Power quality and voltage sag indices in electrical power systems. In: Romero G, editor. Electrical Generation and Distribution Systems and Power Quality

[15] BS EN 50160:2010+A1:2015. Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public elec-

[16] IEEE Standard 1250-2011. IEEE Guide for Identifying and Improving Voltage Quality in

[17] Carnovale DJ. Applying Harmonic Solutions to Commercial and Industrial Power

[18] Aziz MMA, El-Zahab E-D, Ibrahim AM, Zobaa AF. Practical considerations regarding power factor for nonlinear loads. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2004;**19**(1):337-341

[19] Balci ME, Abdel Aleem SHE, Zobaa AF, Sakar S. An algorithm for optimal sizing of the capacitor banks under nonsinusoidal and unbalanced conditions. Recent Advances in

[20] Aleem SHEA, Zobaa AF, Balci ME. Optimal resonance-free third-order high-pass filters based on minimization of the total cost of the filters using crow search algorithm.

[21] Independent pricing and regulatory tribunal of new south wales, method guide power factor correction energy savings formula: deemed energy savings method. Energy Savings Scheme. Jan. 2015. Available from: http://www.ess.nsw.gov.au/files/353708d1 ab17-4aa4-96a5-a41b0103d03f/Method\_Guide\_-\_Power\_Factor\_Correction\_-\_V20.pdf [22] Aleem SHEA, Elmathana MT, Zobaa AF. Different design approaches of shunt passive harmonic filters based on IEEE Std. 519-1992 and IEEE Std. 18-2002. Recent Advances in

[8] Baggini A. Handbook of Power Quality. United States: John Wiley & Sons; 2008

voltage sag types. Journal of Advanced Research. Jan. 2016;**7**(1):95-103

Energy Engineering. United Kingdom: IET Digital Library; 2017

Disturbances. Croatia: InTech; 2011. p. 140-160. DOI: 10.5772/18181

Systems. Moon Township, PA, Boston: Eaton Cutler-Hammer; 2003

[14] Sankaran C. Power Quality. United States: CRC Press; 2001

ology. Journal of Engineering. Dec. 2017;**2017**(12):627-633(6)

and Generators. USA: IEEE; 1991

tricity networks. UK: BSI; 2010

Power Systems. USA: IEEE; 2011, pp.1-70

Electrical & Electronic Engineering. 2014;**7**(2)

Electric Power Systems Research. 2017;**151**(C):381-394

Electrical & Electronic Engineering. 2013;**6**(1):68-75

Finally, power quality issues cover many power system problems such as under and over voltages, voltage sags and swells, transients (impulsive and oscillatory), interruptions, voltage unbalance, harmonics and interharmonics, voltage fluctuations and flickers, and power frequency variations. In this introductory chapter, a quick brief on power quality concepts and issues are presented.
