**6. Conclusions**

Hox genes have been traditionally recognized as genes involved in the embryonic development; however, further research showed that homeobox genes also play a role as master regulators of tissue and organ patterning in adults. These genes can regulate cell differentiation, proliferation, and migration to tissues exposed to constant turnover, such as vasculature, endometrium, and bone marrow. Thus, it has been shown that Hox genes can play a role in defining an endothelial phenotype and/or promoting neovascularization; however, other genes from the Hox family can also play an anti-angiogenic role by preventing angiogenesis. These genes regulate different processes by targeting key proteins related to angiogenesis such as VEGF, IL-8, Efna1, and TSP-2 among other gene targets.

Since Hox genes play a role in the regulation of stem cell differentiation into endothelium, angiogenesis, and vasculogenesis, the manipulation of these genes could lead to a useful gene therapy in patients with vascular damage. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms related to the biological effects of Hox genes is essential for designing new drugs and treatment to treat worldwide prevalent diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease.
