**Introduction**

**Chapter 1**

**Provisional chapter**

**Introductory Chapter: System of System Failures**

**Introductory Chapter: System of System Failures**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.75793

Managers are expected to cope with ever-changing complexity and diversity. They are asked to tackle a much greater diversity of problems learning from previous failures. This book provides managers with a bird's eye view learning from various approaches through utilizing system of system methodologies (SOSM). In order to promote holistic view and promote creativity, Jackson [1, 2] introduced SOSM. SOSM classifies the world of objects into two dimensions: systems and participants. The system dimension has two domains: simple and complex. The participant dimension has three domains: unitary, plural, and coercive. On this

basis, holistic approaches can be classified into four types (**Figure 1**):

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Figure 1.** Systems approaches related to problem context in the system of system methodologies (SOSM).

Takafumi Nakamura

Takafumi Nakamura

**1. Introduction**

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75793

#### **Introductory Chapter: System of System Failures Introductory Chapter: System of System Failures**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.75793

#### Takafumi Nakamura Takafumi Nakamura

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75793

## **1. Introduction**

Managers are expected to cope with ever-changing complexity and diversity. They are asked to tackle a much greater diversity of problems learning from previous failures. This book provides managers with a bird's eye view learning from various approaches through utilizing system of system methodologies (SOSM). In order to promote holistic view and promote creativity, Jackson [1, 2] introduced SOSM. SOSM classifies the world of objects into two dimensions: systems and participants. The system dimension has two domains: simple and complex. The participant dimension has three domains: unitary, plural, and coercive. On this basis, holistic approaches can be classified into four types (**Figure 1**):

**Figure 1.** Systems approaches related to problem context in the system of system methodologies (SOSM).

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

