**2.1. Gene transcription**

**Field of medicine Disorder(s)**

Dermatology • Pemphigus vulgaris

Endocrinology • Adrenal insufficiency

Hematology • Lymphoma/leukemia

Rheumatology/immunology • Rheumatoid arthritis

Ophthalmology • Uveitis

Other • Multiple sclerosis

**Table 2.** Common clinical uses of systemic GCs (adapted from [19]).

Gastroenterology • Ulcerative colitis

Allergy and respirology • Moderate to severe asthma exacerbations

96 Pharmacokinetics and Adverse Effects of Drugs - Mechanisms and Risks Factors

• Allergic rhinitis • Atopic dermatitis • Urticaria/angioedema

• Anaphylaxis

• Nasal polyps

• Sarcoidosis

• Food and drug allergies

• Interstitial lung disease

• Crohn's disease • Autoimmune hepatitis

• Hemolytic anemia

• Polyarteritis • Vasculitis

• Keratoconjunctivitis

• Organ transplantation • Nephrotic syndrome • Chronic active hepatitis • Cerebral edema

• Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

• Acute, severe contact dermatitis

• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

• Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

• Systemic lupus erythematosus • Polymyalgia rheumatica • Polymyositis/dermatomyositis

• Acute and chronic eosinophilic pneumonia

• Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Binding of the receptor to GREs may cause either enhancement or suppression of transcription of responsive downstream genes. GCs inhibit the synthesis of almost all known inflammatory cytokines [21, 22].
