**2.6 Effect of compounds in inhibiting mycelia fungi**

The most compounds have varied effects on the development of mycelia growth of fungi and the effect on sporulation rate and inhibition of germination ranging from a fungistatic effect to complete inhibition. The answer depends on the arrest of compounds derived from extracts of the species and to inhibit fungus. Table 4 shows the sensitivity of plant pathogen fungi to bioactive coumponds from plants.


**Specie Compounds Identifying Reference** 

Anonaine Tsai *et al.,* 1989;

3-Methoxysampangine Liu *et al.,* 1990

Polygodial Lee *et al.,* 1999

Lanuginosine, Lysicamine Simeon *et al.,* 1990

*<sup>α</sup>*-Chaconine, *α*-Solanine Fewell & Roddick,

**Fungicidal activity concentrations** 

*graminearum* Kordali *et al.,*<sup>2009</sup>

Tsai *et al.,* 1989

Simeon *et al.,* 1990

**References** 

Tegegne *et al.,* 2008

<sup>105</sup>μl L−1 Jasso de Rodríguez

<0.42 μg mL−1 Dan *et al.,* 2010

*et al.,* 2005

1993

Dehatrine, Actinodaphnine, Anhydroushinsunine, Methoiodide,

Berberine Okunade *et al.,* 1994

Table 3. Chemical compounds identified with antifungal properties derived from species

The most compounds have varied effects on the development of mycelia growth of fungi and the effect on sporulation rate and inhibition of germination ranging from a fungistatic effect to complete inhibition. The answer depends on the arrest of compounds derived from extracts of the species and to inhibit fungus. Table 4 shows the sensitivity of plant pathogen

*N*-Methylactinodaphnine

Alkaloids

Steroidal alkaloids

*Fusarium equiseti* and *F.* 

*Pythium ultimum*, *F. oxysporum, Alternaria alternata*, *Mycosphaerella pinodes* and *Ascochyta* 

*Rhizoctonia solani*, *F.* 

and *Colletotrichum* 

*Alternaria humicola*, *Colletotrichum gloeosporioides*, *Rhizoctonia solani*, *Phytophthora cactorum*

*Fusarium solani*

*oxysporum* 

*coccodes* 

and

**2.6 Effect of compounds in inhibiting mycelia fungi** 

**Plant Specie Plant pathogen** 

fungi to bioactive coumponds from plants.

*Achillea gypsicola* and *A. biebersteinii* 

*Agapanthus africanus* 

*Asarum heterotropoides* var. *mandshuricum* 

*Aloe vera* 

plants


Antifungal Properties of Bioactive Compounds from Plants 95

**Fungicidal activity concentrations** 

L−<sup>1</sup>

1.25–10.0 μL mL−1

0.08–0.32 μL mL−<sup>1</sup>

0.16–0.64 μL

*cucumerinum* 25 Zhao *et al.,*<sup>1998</sup>

*gloeosporioides* Bandara *et al.,*<sup>1992</sup>

*Pythium ultimum;* Miles *et al.,*<sup>1991</sup>

*Pythium ultimum;* Miles *et al.,*<sup>1993</sup>

**References** 

Hili *et al.,* 1997

Pitarokili *et al.,*

Romagnoli *et al.,*

Salgueiro *et al.,*

2002

2005

2004

mL−1 Pinto *et al.,*<sup>2006</sup>

0.2–3.1 Liu *et al.,* 1990

 60–100 μM Fewell & Roddick 1993

80–100 μM Fewell & Roddick 1993

1.9 -250 Battinelli *et al.,*

2006

Cole *et al.,* 1991

Rahman *et al.,* 1995

**Plant Specie Plant pathogen** 

*Tagetes patula Penicillium digitatum* and

*Thymbra capitata Candida sp., Aspergillus* sp

*Thymus pulegioides Candida, Aspergillus* and

*Dictamnus dasycarpus Cladosporium*

*Eupatorium riparium Colletotrichum*

*Wedelia biflora Rhizoctonia solani;*

*Wedelia biflora Rhizoctonia solani;* 

*Torulopsis utilis, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Candida albicans*  and *Saccharomyces* 

*Salvia sclarea Soil-borne pathogens* EC50: 493–584 μ<sup>L</sup>

*dermatophyte* species

*Ascobolus crenulatus, Alternaria brassicicola, Phoma medicaginis* and *Rhizoctonia solani* 

*Ascobolus crenulatus, Alternaria brassicicola, Phoma medicaginis* and *Rhizoctonia solani* 

*Tricophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis* and

*Candida* spp

*Fusarium oxysporum* f. sp*. lycopersici* and *Verticillium tricorpus*

*Epidermophyton floccosum, Curvularia lunata, Nigrospora oryzae,* 

*Aspergillus fumigatus* and *Cryptococcus neoformans*

*Candida albicans,*

*Lavandula angustifolia Candida albicans* 0.69% D'Auria *et al.,* 2005

*Botrytis cinerea* 

*cerevisiae* 

*Salvia officinalis* 

*3-Methoxysampangine* 

 *Steroidal alkaloids* 

*α-Chaconine* 

*α-Solanine* 

*Olea europaea* 

*Scutellaria spp* 

*Podophyllum hexandrum*


**Fungicidal activity concentrations** 

300-500 μg mL−<sup>1</sup> of NDGA

1, 2 and 3 mg

Inhibition range of 49–70% and minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 500 to 1000 μg mL−1.

**References** 

Vargas-Arispuro *et* 

Bajpai *et al.,* 2007

Pasini *et al.,* 1997; Konstantinidou-Doltsinis & Schmit,

Gonçalves *et al.,*

Cheng *et al.,* 2005

*al.,* 2005

mL−1 Corato *et al.,,*<sup>2010</sup>

1mg mL−1 Lee *et al.,* 2001

1998

2010

9.0% (V/V). Kosalec *et al.,*<sup>2005</sup>

10–100 Tirillini *et al.,* 1996

0.63 μl ml−1 Pinto *et al.,* 2007

**Plant Specie Plant pathogen** 

*digitatum* 

*Aspergillus parasiticus* 

*Fusarium oxysporum*, *Fusarium solani*, *Sclerotonia sclerotiorum*, *Rhizoctonia solani*, *Colletotricum capsici*, *Botrytis cinerea* and *Phytophthora capsici*,

*Pyricularia oryzae*, *Rhizoctonia solani*, *Botrytis cineria*, *Phytophthora infestans*, *Puccinia recondite* and *Erysiphe graminis*

*Robinia pseudoacacia Sphaerotheca fuliginea*, 80 mg mL−1 Zhang *et al.,* 2008

*Penicillium*, *Aspergillus*, *Cladosporium* and

*gloeosporioides, Fusarium solani* and *Ganoderma* 

*Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis* and

*Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus,*

*hordei* <sup>30</sup>μg mL−1 Choi *et al.,*<sup>2004</sup>

mL−<sup>1</sup>

MIC(50) values of 65, 80, 80 and 110 mg mL−<sup>1</sup>

*Candida sp.* 500–6000 Nenoff *et al.,*<sup>1996</sup>

MIC to 1.5 and

*Botrytis cinerea*, *Monilinia laxa* and *Penicillium* 

*Larrea tridentata Aspergillus flavus* and

*Reynoutria sachalinensis Sphaerotheca pannosa* var. *rosae* 

*Rumex crispus Blumeria graminis* f. sp.

*Fusarium*

*australe*

*M. gypseum*

*Candida albicans,*

*Melaleuca alternifolia Candida albicans* and

*sylvestris Aspergillus* strains 0.08- 0.16 μ<sup>L</sup>

*Rhizoctonia solani, Collectotrichum* 

*Laurus nobilis* 

*Metasequoia glyptostroboides* 

*Piper longum* 

*Salvia officinalis* 

*Thymus zygis* subsp.

*Cryptomeria japonica* 

*Pimpinella anisum* 

*Piper angustifolium* 


Antifungal Properties of Bioactive Compounds from Plants 97

*Allium sativum* 64 Pyun and Shin

*Psidium acutangulum* Miles *et al.,* 1993 *Croton sonderianus* McChesney &

*Mentha piperita* 0.27–10.0 Pattnaik *et al.,* 1996 *Pelargonium graveolens* Pattnaik *et al.,* 1996

Currently, the commercial use of natural fungicides on the market is low, the 5th Annual Meeting of the biological control industry (Loison, 2010) reports a total of 55 biological fungicides registered in the U.S. market and in the EU the registered biopesticides are much

**Commercial name Active Ingradient Company Plant pathogen** 

orange pulp Bioland SA

Sincocin TM Plant extracts Agric. Sci Dallas *Cercospora beticola* 

**Fungicidal activity concentrations** 

0.4–85.0% of oil

Chemie S.A. *Botritys cinérea* 

extacts. Agric. Sci Dallas *Cercospora beticola* 

**References** 

Tomas-Barberan *et* 

*al.,* 1988

Clark, 1991

Economou & Nahrstedt, 1991; Kalodera *et al.,* 

*Ascochyta, Pullullaria, Fusarium, Cercospora, Botrytis, Septoria, Alternaria,*  Stemphylium*, Rhizoctonia,* 

*Peronospora, Pythium, Penicilium, Sigatoka,* 

*Aspergillus.*

2006

1994

**Plant Specie Plant pathogen** 

*Bystropogon plumosus, B. origanifolius* var*. palmensis, B. wildpretii, B. maderensis* and *B. canariensis* var*. Smithianus* 

BC 1000 TM

*Helichrysum nitens* 1- 20 μg

Table 4. Bioactive compounds from plants on fungal species.

fewer: 21 fungicides for be used in Pome fruit, vines and tomato (Table 5).

Bioflavonoid of Seed extracts and orange pulp

**2.7 Commercial use of natural fungicides** 

Bio save TM Seed extracts and

Agrispon TM Plant and mineral


*creticus Candida albicans* 125–375 Chinou *et al.,*<sup>1996</sup>

*Zingiber officinale Pyricularia oryzae* 10.0 ppm Endo *et al.,* 1990 *Coleonema pulchellum Cladosporium herbarum* Brader *et al.,* 1997

**Fungicidal activity concentrations** 

1.0–5.0 mM; 0.016–0.13% of

0.25 mg mL−1

*Aspergillus niger* 0.78–100 μL mL−<sup>1</sup> Naigre *et al.,* 1996

oil;

**References** 

Tirillini *et al.,* 1996

Gopalakrishnan *et* 

Weidenb¨orner *et al.,* 1990a, b

*al.,* 1997

mL−1 Pinto *et al.,*<sup>2006</sup>

1.0 mg mL−1 Maatooq *et al.,*<sup>1996</sup>

8-140 Schultz *et al.,* 1992

0.78–100.0 Lee *et al.,* 1999

**Plant Specie Plant pathogen** 

*Piper angustifolium* 

*Cistus incanus subsp.* 

*Parthenium argentatum* 

*Garcinia mangostana* 

*Gomphrena martiana* 

*× P. tomentosa* 

*Microsporum canis, Allescheria boydii* and *Pleurotus ostreatus, Drechslera rostrata* 

*Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus* 

*Thymus pulegioides Candida, Aspergillus* 1.25–20.0 μ<sup>L</sup>

*A. niger* 

*oryzae* 

*Aspergillus fumigatus* and

*Fusarium oxysporum vasinfectum, Alternaria tenuis* and *Drechslera* 

*Aspergillus repens; A. amstelodami; A. chevalieri; A. flavus; A. petrakii;* 

*Coriolus versicolor, Gloeophyllum trabeum*  and *Poria placenta* 

*Candida albicans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. ruburum, Penicillium marneffei, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, P. chrysogenum, C. lipolytica* 

and *C. tropicalis* 

*Cymbopogonflexuosus* 0.16–11.6 Pattnaik *et al.,* 1996 *Cymbopogon martini* 0.5–8.3 Pattnaik *et al.,* 1996 *Eucalyptus citriodora* 0.16–10.0 Pattnaik *et al.,* 1996 *Bidens cernua* 5.0–200 Smirnov *et al.,* 1998

and *G. boliviana* 75 Pomilio *et al.,*<sup>1992</sup>


Table 4. Bioactive compounds from plants on fungal species.
