**4. References**


*Melalueca alternifolia* Stockton Group *Mycosphaerella fijiensis* 

S. K. Bio Extracts & Applications

& Applications

*Trichophyton mentagrophytes* 

field crops, vegetables and horticultural crops

*Root rot, Dammping off, Steam rot, leaf spot* 

fungal diseases in all

industries

Such

**Commercial name Active Ingradient Company Plant pathogen** 

Timorex Gold Plant extracts of

compounds cause the pathogen and host.

pp. (345-350), ISSN: 0926-6690

Garden Fungicide

Eco Safe TM

**3. Conclusions** 

**4. References** 

2194

ISSN: 0021-8561

TM

Evergreen TM Plant extracts Aashab bio

oil, Recines communis

Gloves Off TM Thymol, Carvacrol Organozoid and

Rosemary, thyme

Gloss TM Natural Alkaloids S. K. Bio Extracts

Pongamia and Tulsi

and clove oil EcoSmart

Table 5. Some commercial product in the market with active ingredients from plants

The plant extracts applied in as crude state or as a fraction affect the development of fungal colonies to inhibit partially and totally in laboratory tests at low concentrations of bioactive compounds, besides affecting the incedencia and severity when applied as a treatment to increase the shelf life of products with excellent results. However, more research is needed to determine its effect on molecular changes, morphological and biochemical these

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**5** 

*Malaysia* 

**Screening Methods in the Study** 

*Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM),* 

*Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang,* 

**of Fungicidal Property of Medicinal Plants** 

S. Sasidharan, L. Yoga Latha, Kwan Yuet Ping and S. Jothy Lachumy

There is growing interest in the use of medicinal plants and herbal products for fungal infection related diseases control program because plant derived drugs are considered safe and free from adverse side effects. Plants generally produce many secondary metabolites which constitute an important source of antifungal drugs. Medicinal properties of plants are normally dependent on the presence of certain phytochemical principles such as alkaloids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannins and polyphenols which are the bioactive bases responsible for the antimicrobial property (Ebana *et al*., 1993). It is difficult to discover antifungal agents against yeasts and filamentous fungi compared to bacteria caused diseases. Fungal cell wall is predominantly composed chitin and other polysaccharides such as β-glucans which become hindrance to the antibiotic activity on the cells. Hence appropriate screening methods to study the antifungal activity of natural

Plant drugs still remain the principal source of pharmaceutical agents used in orthodox medicine (Khaing, 2011). The ability of plant to produce various types of phytochemicals such as alkaloid, flavonoid and saponin attract the attention of natural products researcher. Although many plant or herbal products use for the treatment of various ailments in rural communities but there is a need for scientific verification of their activities against fungi. Currently, there is little scientific evidence on the antimicrobial properties of these medicinal plants under investigation against majority of fungi (Mann et al., 2008). *In vitro* and *in vivo* antifungal activities of medicinal plants have been studied widely in the present's days. A wide variety of methods can be applied to study antifungal activity. However, the outcome of these studies relies on appropriate and reliable

In this chapter we analyze and compare the various reliable methods available for the study of antifungal activity. In this chapter, we describe and discuss plant sample extraction technique, antifungal screening with determination of minimum inhibition concentration, minimum fungicidal concentration and IC50 value on hyphal growth inhibition. Beside that the *in situ* antifungal study method by using various microscopy techniques such as confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and

resources play an important roles in the development of fungicide.

**1. Introduction** 

methods use by the researchers.

