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**Efficacy and Utilization of Fungicides and** 

*1World Agroforestry Centre, SADC - ICRAF, Agroforestry Programme,* 

*Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria,* 

*In vitro* plant culture which encompasses cell, tissue, organ and also embryo culture has been a vital technique for mass multiplication of plants (propagules), elimination of plant diseases thorough meristematic tissue culture technique, plant conservation (through cryopreservation) and crop improvement through gene transfer (Pierik, 1987; George, 1993; Singh & Chand, 2003; Sarasan et al., 2011). *In vitro* culture techniques have been used to shorten breeding cycles of plants and to achieve genetic transformation (Singh & Chand, 2003). Despite the several merits of *in vitro* culture techniques to the modern world where plant diseases, flower/fruit abortions and low plant regeneration capacity are major challenges, many developing countries, especially in Africa do not utilize them to address the numerous challenges in crop production and improvements. This is mainly due to the high investment costs in equipment, chemicals and intensive and skilled labor demands

The high costs for equipment, water, chemicals (such as plant growth hormones or regulators, surface sterilants, disinfectants etc.) and culture losses due to *in vitro* culture contamination among many others can cripple several *in vitro* plant culture techniques in many developing countries, especially in Africa. Possibly, this is the main reason we have limited or no interest to invest in tissue culture laboratories in Africa, except for the

The most common challenge for *in vitro* plant culture protocols in the tropics, especially stock plants derived from mature ortet has been elimination of culture contaminants. These culture contaminants have been problematic to the effect that there are instances where

academic institutions for the sole purpose of learning the technique.

**1. Introduction 1.1** *In vitro* **culture** 

(Sarasan et al., 2011).

**1.2** *In vitro* **contaminants** 

Simon A. Mng'omba1, Gudeta Sileshi1, Elsa S. du Toit2 and Festus K. Akinnifesi1

> *1Malawi 2South Africa*

*Chitedze Agricultural Research Station, Lilongwe, 2Department of Plant Production and Soil Science,* 

**Other Antibiotics for Aseptic Plant Cultures** 

Zadoks, J. C., Chang, T. T. & Konzak, C. F. 1974. A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. *Weed Research,* Vol. 14, No. 6, (June 1974), pp. 415-421, ISSN 0043-1737 **12** 
