**Part 2**

**Biological Control** 

138 Fungicides for Plant and Animal Diseases

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*Archives of Biology and Technology*, Vol. 48, Nº.4, pp. 549-558, ISSN 516-891 Sucharita, R. & Padma, C. (2010). A non-toxic antifungal compound from the leaves of

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Tomczykowa, M.; Tomczyk, M.; Jakoniuk, P. & Tryniszewska, E. (2008). Antimicrobial and

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Verweij, P.E.; Snelders, E.; Kema, G.; Mellado, E. & Melchers, W. (2009). Azole resistance in

Xing, Y-M.; Chen, J.; Cui, J.L.; Chen, X.-M. & Guo, S.-X. (2011). Antimicrobial activity and

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Zabka, M.; Pavela, R. & Gabrielova-Slezakova, L. (2011). Promising antifungal effect of some

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*Agriculture* Vol. 87, Nº.12, pp. 2327-2333, ISSN 1097-0010

*Infectious Diseases*, Vol. 9, No.12, pp.789–795, ISSN 1473-3099

*Mycopathologia*, Vol. 169, Nº.3, pp. 193–199, ISSN 1573-0832

*Chemistry*, Vol. 54, Nº.11, pp. 3936–3940, ISSN 0021-8561.

8561

York. ISSN 0022-0957.

0025-8628

2905

*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,* Vol. 52, Nº.17, pp. 5418-5424, ISSN 0021-

effectiveness of spices: an approach for use in food conservation systems. *Brazilian* 

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antifungal activities of the extracts and essential oils of *Bidens tripartite*. *Folia* 

chemotypes of *Thymus vulgaris* in Catalonia , *Journal of the Science of Food and* 

substitute in pig feeding. *Medycyna Weterynaryjna,* Vol. 58, Nº.11, pp. 887-889, ISSN

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biodiversity of endophytic fungi in *Dendrobium devonianum* and *Dendrobium* 

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Euro-Asiatic plants against dangerous pathogenic and toxinogenic fungi. *Journal of* 

constituents toward *Colletorichum camelliae Massea*. *Journal of Agricultural and Food* 

**7** 

**Biological Control** 

*United States of America* 

**Agents for Suppression of** 

Patricia J. Slininger and David A. Schisler *National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research,* 

**Post-Harvest Diseases of Potatoes:** 

**Strategies on Discovery and Development** 

*United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL* 

As used in plant pathology, the term "biological control" or its short form "biocontrol" commonly refers to the decrease in the inoculum or the disease-producing activity of a pathogen accomplished through one or more organisms, including the host plant but excluding man (Baker, 1987). Biological control of plant pathogens naturally occurs at some level in all agricultural ecosystems, sometimes to a degree where symptoms of disease are noticeably reduced. Thousands of potential microbial biocontrol agents have been isolated from agricultural fields and crops during research over the last 80 years, yet only a few are in commercial use. Recently, public health and safety concerns about the environmental impact of chemical pesticides have led to consideration of biological control as a natural approach to maintaining crop health. Despite environmental incentives and strong research efforts, commercialization of biocontrol agents has been slow to evolve. The momentum of the chemical industry is difficult to shift, and fermentation processes tend to be more expensive to operate than synthetic chemical processes. Yet there is a demand for biological control products, especially in the organic and agricultural niche markets, where there is no efficient chemical competitor. Indeed, the tide has been turning and a recent story in Chemical and Engineering News (Reisch, 2011) has indicated that during the last decade, the growth in sales of biological pest control agents has significantly outpaced that of chemicals. However, given this market demand, the fundamental methods of economical large-scale production and application of biological control agents are still lacking and need to be developed. Many aspects of biocontrol agent production and development represent untrodden territory in the progression of industrial fermentation technology beyond its well-established food and pharmaceuticals niche. Distinguishing them from traditional fermentation products, biocontrol agents must not only be produced in high yield but must also meet the following quality criteria: high (near 100%) retention of cell viability with maintenance of crop compatibility and consistent bioefficacy during several months of

**1. Introduction** 

storage.
