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*In Vitro* **Multiplication of Aromatic** 

Ana Cláudia Coelho2 and Olinda Pinto-Carnide1 *1IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering,* 

*2CECAV- Center for Animal Science and Veterinary,* 

Fernanda Leal1, Manuela Matos1,

*Department of Genetics and Biotechnology* 

*Portugal* 

**and Medicinal Plants and Fungicide Activity** 

*Centre of Genomic and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto-Douro,* 

*University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto-Douro, Department of Veterinary Sciences,* 

Aromatic and medicinal plants, widely used as folk medicine are, beyond fruits, vegetables grains and spices, the principal source of antioxidant compounds. Several studies demonstrated that antioxidants have also antifungal activity (Jayashree & Subramanyam, 2000; Rasooli & Abyaneh, 2004). More and more, humanity try to replace synthetic metabolites by natural metabolites. Therefore, studies in aromatic and medicinal plants with the capacity to produce a different range of secondary metabolites extremely increase in late years. On the other hand, chemical products, like pesticides, fungicides or bactericides are widely used in agriculture. However, they have disadvantages to the environment, due to contamination of the soils, the final consumers or the producers. Still, the indiscriminate and recurrent use of synthetic fungicides has been found to induce resistance in several fungi, the residual toxicity of these compounds result in human health hazards and requires caution in their use for plant disease control (Singh et al., 2009). Thus, some aromatic and medicinal plants, with antifungal capacity (Soliman & Badeaa, 2002; Goun et al. 2003; Sucharita & Padma, 2010), like genus *Thymus*, *Mentha*, *Calendula* and *Catharanthus* were

Medicinal and aromatic plants are important sources for plant secondary metabolites that are involved in many other aspects of a plant's interaction with its immediate environment. The genetic manipulation of plants together with the establishment of *in vitro* plant regeneration systems facilitates efforts to engineer secondary product metabolic pathways (Kumar & Gupta, 2007). Improvement of the yield and quality of these natural plant products through conventional breeding is still a challenge. However, recent advances in plant genomics research has generated knowledge leading to a better understanding of the complex genetics and biochemistry involved in biosynthesis of these plant secondary metabolites (Gómez-Galer et al., 2008). Advances in the cloning of genes involved in relevant pathways, the development of high throughput screening systems for chemical and biological activity, genomics tools and resources, and the recognition of a higher order of regulation of secondary plant metabolism operating at the whole plant

**1. Introduction** 

micropropagated for antifungal activity evaluation.

Zygmunt, J.B. & Namiesnik, J. (2003). Preparation of samples of plant material for chromatographic analysis. *Journal of Chromatographic Science,* 41, 109–116. **6** 
