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**2** 

*India* 

**Applications of Actinobacterial** 

*1Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, 2P.G. & Research Department of Botany & Microbiology,* 

**Fungicides in Agriculture and Medicine** 

D. Dhanasekaran1, N. Thajuddin1 and A. Panneerselvam2

*A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam College, (Autonomous), Poondi, Tamil Nadu,* 

Actinobacteria are found in virtually every natural substrate, such as soils and compost, freshwater basins, foodstuffs and the atmosphere. Deep seas, however, do not offer a favorable habitat. These organisms live and multiply most abundantly in various depths of soil and compost, in cold and in tropical regions. Alkaline and neutral soils are more favorable habitats than acid soils and neutral peats are more favorable than acid

The application of fungicides and chemicals can control crop diseases to a certain extent, however, it is expensive and public concern for the environment has led to alternative methods of disease control to be sought, including the use of microorganisms as biological control agents. Microorganisms are abundant in the soil adjacent to plant roots (rhizosphere) and within healthy plant tissue (endophytic) and a proportion possess plant growth promotion and disease resistance properties. Actinobacteria are gram-positive, filamentous bacteria capable of secondary metabolite production such as antibiotics and antifungal compounds. A number of the biologically active antifungal compounds are obtained from the actinobacteria. A number of these isolates were capable of suppressing the fungal pathogens *Rhizoctonia solani*, *Pythium* sp. and *Gaeumannomyces graminis* var. *tritici*, both *in vitro* and in plants indicating the potential of the actinobacteria to be used as biocontrol

The principal reason behind the actinobacteria having such important roles in the soil and in plant relationships comes from the ability of the actinobacteria to produce a large number of secondary metabolites, many of which possess antibacterial activity. Actinobacteria produce approximately two-thirds of the known antibiotics produced by all mircoorganisms. The genus *Streptomyces* produces nearly 80% of the actinobacterial antibiotics, with the genus *Micromonospora* producing one-tenth as many as the *Streptomyces*. In addition to the production of antibiotics the actinobacteria produce many secondary metabolites with a wide range of activities. Activities of the secondary metabolites include antifungal agents

**1. Introduction** 

peats.

agents.

