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**8** 

*1,2USA 3Spain 4,5Benin* 

**Control of Major Diseases in Horticulture** 

Lamine Baba-Moussa5 and Simeon O. Kotchoni1,2 *1Department of Biology, Rutgers University, Camden,* 

*4Département de Nutrition et Sciences Alimentaires,* 

*3Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plant,* 

*5Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie,* 

Emma W. Gachomo1,2, Jose C. Jimenez-Lopez3, Adéchola P. P. Kayodé4,

*Estacion Experimental del Zaidin, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Granada,* 

Cultivation of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and/or ornamental plants is one of the economically important sectors of crop production. However cultivation of these plants plagued with wide range of most destructive, reoccurring and widespread stress factors both biotic (diseases) and abiotic (environmental) (Gachomo et al., 2009). Plant diseases are caused by many different types of organism that include fungi, bacteria, viruses etc. While plant disease may be caused by many factors, majority of them are caused by fungi and fungi like organisms (FLO). Over 8,000 species of fungi and FLOs have been reported to cause disease (Ellis et al., 2008). Disease caused by fungi and FLOs have been recorded to cause damage that has had far reaching effects on human population as a result of the suffering that follow crop loss (Gachomo, 2005) e.g. the great famine of 1845-1852 that occurred in Ireland as a result of potato crop failure due to potato blight infection. During this famine about a million people died of hunger and another million emigrated out of Ireland. Control of plant disease is both expensive and time consuming and represents a large segment of the pesticide market (Gachomo et al., 2009; Killian & Steiner, 2003), despite continuous efforts to control their detrimental effect on crop production. For example cost of control and damage by *Phytopthora infestans* (that causes late blight of potatoes) in Europe is estimated at more than €1,000,000,000 (\$1,400,000,000) per year (Haverkort et al., 2008). The typical symptoms of these fungal induced diseases cover all color spectra (from white to black) and form different types of symptoms both internal and external, microscopic and macroscopic, local and systemic which appear (but are not limited to) as leaf spots, galls, lesions, blights and cankers incase of local symptoms or as wilting, yellowing, and dwarfing incase of systemic symptoms because they involve most or all of the plant (Gachomo et al., 2006; Gachomo & Kotchoni 2007; Gachomo et al., 2010). Common fungal diseases include leaf spots, cankers, powdery mildews, downey mildews, smuts, blights, damping off,

**1. Introduction** 

*2Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden,* 

*Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou,* 

*Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou,* 

