**5. Characterization of actinobacterial fungicidal compounds**

A novel antifungal antibiotic, FR-900848 was isolated from *Streptoverticillium ferverns* and its physico-chemical and biological properties have been reported (Yoshida and Horikoshi*,*  1988). Tomita *et al.* (1989) reported that Pradimicins A, B and C as new antifungal antibiotics from *Streptomyces* sp. Fushimi *et al.* (1989b) reported new phosphate ester antifungal antibiotics phoslactomycins and elucidated the structure of phoslactomycins A to F.

Yamaguchi *et al.* (1989) studied the mode of antifungal action of (S)2-amino-4-oxo-5 hydroxypentanoic acid, RI-331 derived from *Streptomyces* sp. Schwartz *et al.* (1988) studied L-671, 329, a new antifungal agent from *Streptomyces* strain.

Plate 3. Antifungal activity 4' phenyl-1-napthyl-phenyl acetamide and methyl substituted

A novel antifungal antibiotic, FR-900848 was isolated from *Streptoverticillium ferverns* and its physico-chemical and biological properties have been reported (Yoshida and Horikoshi*,*  1988). Tomita *et al.* (1989) reported that Pradimicins A, B and C as new antifungal antibiotics from *Streptomyces* sp. Fushimi *et al.* (1989b) reported new phosphate ester antifungal

Yamaguchi *et al.* (1989) studied the mode of antifungal action of (S)2-amino-4-oxo-5 hydroxypentanoic acid, RI-331 derived from *Streptomyces* sp. Schwartz *et al.* (1988) studied

antibiotics phoslactomycins and elucidated the structure of phoslactomycins A to F.


L-671, 329, a new antifungal agent from *Streptomyces* strain.

**5. Characterization of actinobacterial fungicidal compounds** 

Oki *et al.* (1989) studied cispentacin, a new antifungal antibiotic and its *in vitro* and *in vivo* antifungal activities. Novel antifungal antibiotics, Maniwamycins A and B I and II and their structure were studied and reported (Nakayama *et al.,* 1989; Takahashi *et al.,* 1989).

Konishi *et al.* (1989) studied the production, isolation, physico-chemical properties and its structure of cispentacin, a new antifungal antibiotic. A novel hepatoprotective -lactone, MH-031 was discovered and their physico-chemical properties and structure have been reported (Itoh *et al.,* 1991). Nishio *et al.* (1989) reported Karnamicin, a complex of new antifungal antibiotic from *Streptomyces* sp. and its taxonomy, fermentation, physico-chemical and biological properties.

Sawada *et al.* (1990) reported new antifungal antibiotics, pradimicins D and E glycine analogs of pradimicins A and C. Water-soluble pradimicin derivatives synthesis and antifungal evaluation of N, N-dimethyl pradimicins derived from *Actinomadura hibisca* was studied and reported (Oki *et al.,* 1990a,b).

Kakushima *et al.* (1990) studied the effect of stereochemistry at the C-17 position on the antifungal pradimicin A. Stephan *et al*. (1996) was observed that Kanchanamycins, new polyol macrolide antibiotics produced by *S. olivaceus*. The structures of the Kanchanamycins were determined by eletrospray MS and modern 2D NMR techniques. A Manumycin type antibiotic (SW-B) was isolated from a solid agar culture of *S. flavus* strain A-11. The structure was determined by MS and by 1 and 2D NMR spectroscopy (Kook *et al.,* 1996).

Harindran *et al*. (1999) isolated a new antifungal antibiotic, HA-1-92 from the biomass of *Streptomyces* CDRIL-312. The antibiotic is presumed to be an oxehexaene macrolide and showed promising antifungal activity against yeasts and filamentous fungi. The structure elucidation and antifungal activity of plants an anthracycline antibiotic, daunomycin, isolated from *Actinomadura roseola* against *Phytophthora* blight in pepper have been reported (Kim *et al.,* 2000). A new tetraene polyene macrolide antibiotic was isolated from the culture broth of *S. arenae* var*. ukrainiana* and its structure was determined on the basis of spectral data such as UV, IR, 1H, 13C NMR and Mass spectroscopy (Gupte *et al.,* 2000). The isolation and structure elucidation of a new antifungal and antibacterial antibiotic produced by *Streptomyces* sp. have been reported (Bordoloi *et al.,* 2001).

Hwang *et al.,* (2001) isolated the antifungal substances SH-1 and SH-2 from *Streptomyces humidus* strains SE 55 cultures by various purification procedures and identified as phenyl acetic acid and sodium phenyl acetate respectively based on the nuclear magnetic resonance, electron ionization mass spectral analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectral data SH-1 and SH-2. The two compounds were as effective as the fungicide metalaxyl in inhibiting spore germination and hyphal growth. Raytapadar and Paul (2001) found a broad-spectrum antifungal *Streptomyces* isolate IDA-28 from Indian soil, which was characterized and identified as *Streptomyces aburaviensis* var*. ablastmyceticus* (MTCC 2469).

Frandberg *et al*. (2000) observed antifungal compounds on solid substrate that inhibit radial growth of fungi among Ascomycetes, Basidomycetes, Deuteromycetes, Oomycetes and Zygomycetes and strongly affected hyphal branching and morphology of the fungus such as *Aspergillus niger*, *Mucor hiemalis*, *Penicillium roqueforti* and *Paecilomyces variotii*.

Ellis (2002) reported that Amphotericin B is a polyene macrolide antibiotic derived from the actinomycete, *Streptomyces nodosus*. Amphotericin B has a relatively broad spectrum of

Applications of Actinobacterial Fungicides in Agriculture and Medicine 43

Table 3. Fungicidal secondary metabolites produced by actinobacteria

action and is useful in treating cases of Candidiasis, extracutaneous sporotrichosis, Mucormycosis and some cases of hyalohyphomycosis and Phaeohyphomycosis.

Igarashi *et al*. (2003) screened for novel antifungal compound, Yatakemycin from the *Streptomyces* species TP – AO 356. Yatakemycin were obtained by solvent extraction of the fermentation broth and preparative HPLC. NMR elucidated the structure of Yatakemycin and CID – MS/MS experiments as a novel antibiotic belonging to a family of CC – 1065 and duocarmycins known to be DNA alkylating agents. Yatakemycin inhibited the growth of pathogenic fungi such as *Aspergillus fumigatus* and *Candida albicans* with the MIC values of 0.01 – 0.03 μg/ml more potent than amphotericin B (MIC 0.1 – 0.5 μg/ml). It also showed potent cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines with the IC50 of 0.01 – 0.3 μg/ml.

Datta *et al*. (2001) studied the Ju-2 a novel phosphorous-containing antifungal antibiotic from *Streptomyces kanamyceticus* M8. Ellaiah *et al.* (2005) studied the chracteristics of oligosaccharide antibiotic by 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra and elucidated the structural formula as C14H86O17. Separation, purification and structural elucidation of Irumamycin and 17-hydroxy-venturicidin were established by IR, ESI-MS, 1H and 13C NMR data (Fourati *et al.,* 2005). The numerous fungicidal compounds from actinobacterial genera are summarized in the Table. 3
