**Preface XI**


Chapter 8 **High-Porosity Metal Foams: Potentials, Applications, and Formulations 181** Ahmed Niameh Mehdy Alhusseny, Adel Gharib Nasser and Nabeel M J Al-zurf

Preface

Given their practical importance in improving the general or specific properties, the porosity in materials has been extensively investigated and prepared in the recent decades with vari‐ ous techniques. The preparation techniques can be mechanical, chemical, or electrical, such as electrical discharge machining (EDM) and electrochemical anodization process. Several sci‐ entists have been oriented toward the production of well-spaced and well-organized nano‐ metric and micrometric pores, which constitute a technological revolution useful for a wide variety of applications. Nowadays, numerous studies have been focused on the effect of po‐ rosity by exploring the effect of pore size, shape, and density with the goal to enhance some surface or volume properties, such as heat capacity, thermal conductivity, gap energy, optical absorption, optical emissivity, and mechanical hardness. Several techniques are used in the characterizations of the porous materials, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM); atom‐ ic force microscopy (AFM); transmission electron microscopy (TEM); X-ray diffraction (XRD) for the imagining and structural characterization; and the photoluminescence (PL), ultravio‐

let-visible (UV-VIS), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy for the optical characterization.

layers on the total properties; and to give more ways to use them in different fields.

The purpose of this book is to present various techniques for the production of pores on the surface and the volume of different materials; to investigate the influence of some parame‐ ters, such as the anodizing current, the annealing temperature, the heating time, the chemi‐ cal composition and concentration, and the nature of some additive and deposited thin

**Taher Hcine Ghrib**

Dammam, Saudi Arabia

College of Science of Dammam

Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University

