**Meet the editor**

Lamchich Moulay Tahar is presently a professor at the Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University at Marrakech (Morocco). He submitted his thesis in electrotechnics in September 1991 and received his third cycle degree. He received his PhD from the same university in July 2001. Dr. Lamchich main research is based on short-circuit mechanical effects in substation

structures, control of different types of machine drives, static converters, and active power filters. In the last decade, his research interests have included renewable energies, particularly the control and supervision of hybrid and multiple source systems for decentralized energy production and intelligent management of energy. He has published more than fifty technical papers in journals and international conferences. With Intech open, Dr.Lamchich has published two chapters and was editor of the book "Torque control." He is the director of the laboratory "Intelligent management of energy and information's systems." Dr. Lamchich is a promotor of several doctoral and professional training programs and director of more than 10 thesis projects.

Contents

**Preface VII**

**Biopotentials 19**

**Section 1 Harmonic Analysis in Systems of Imaging, Wireless**

**Harmonic Pulse Compression Imaging 3** Norio Tagawa, Takuya Hiraoka and Iwaki Akiyama

Chapter 2 **Cancelling Harmonic Power Line Interference in**

**Communication, Biopotential and Renewable Energy 1**

Chapter 1 **Compensation of Frequency-Dependent Attenuation for Tissue**

Ţarălungă Dragoș Daniel and Mihaela Neagu (Ungureanu)

Emmanuel Hernández Mayoral, Miguel Ángel Hernández López, Hugo Jorge Cortina Marrero and Reynaldo Iracheta Cortez

**Iterative Harmonic Suppression Strategy in 4D Arrays 75**

**Identification, Reduction and Elimination of Harmonics 99**

Abdullahi Lanre Amoo, Usman O. Aliyu and Ganiyu Ayinde Bakare

Chapter 3 **Harmonic Analysis of the Wind Energy Conversion System**

Chapter 4 **Optimization Approaches in Sideband Calculations and a Non-**

Ertugrul Aksoy, Yasin Yavuz and Mert Karahan

Chapter 5 **Compendium of Computational Tools for Power Systems**

Harish Kumar Sahoo and Umamani Subudhi

**Section 2 Computational Tools, Methods and Techniques for**

**Harmonic Analysis 101**

**Adaptive Filters 117**

Chapter 6 **Power System Harmonics Estimation Using**

**Connected with Electrical Network 39**

## Contents

### **Preface XI**



Preface

described in this book.

reducing, and eliminating harmonics.

applications for various fields.

Harmonic analysis is a diverse field including such branches as signal processing, medical imaging, power electrical systems, wireless telecommunications, etc. This book was written with the objective of providing recent developments and new techniques in harmonic analy‐ sis. In the recent years, a number of methods of quality control of signals under different perturbations, and especially the harmonics, have emerged. Some of these techniques are

In the field of power electrical systems, due to the increased use of nonlinear electrical loads, harmonics currents are generated and returned to the grid causing voltage distortion, which will be absorbed by sensitive loads and cause losses in the lines. In addition, the develop‐ ment of power generation-based renewable energies is subject of many problems with har‐ monics. On the other hand, harmonic noise in electrical machines is due to many factors such as harmonics in control systems, switching harmonics, and harmonic voltages supplied by the power inverter. These harmonics cause many undesired phenomena such as electro‐ magnetic interference and torque ripples, which diminish the performance of the drive-in demanding applications. Recently, many research efforts have been carried out on the re‐ duction of the harmonics essentially due to inverter switching by using an inverter output passive filter topology but with certain limitations and, in other cases, active filter design to reduce or compensate harmonics on the supply side by injecting harmonics into the line cur‐

This book is the result of contributions from many researchers and is a collection of eight research works, which are focused on the harmonic analysis theme but with different appli‐ cations. This book comprises two sections. The topics covered concern the areas of medical imaging, biopotential systems, renewable energy conversion systems, wireless telecommu‐ nications, power converters, as well as the different techniques for estimating, analyzing,

In the first section, composed of chapters 1 to 4, we present a variety of harmonic analysis

Chapter 1 "Compensation of Frequency-Dependent Attenuation for Tissue Harmonic Pulse Compression Imaging" concerns a crucial problem in medical tissue imaging, which is the frequency-independent attenuation and its influence on harmonics. The authors proposed a novel and simple method for frequency-dependent attenuation to realize fine tissue har‐ monic imaging, which can also compensate transducer characteristics. The technique pro‐

rent. Other investigations were studied to suppress the harmonic contents.

posed is based on FM chirp pulse compression to realize high SNR.

## Preface

Chapter 7 **Harmonic Reduction of a Single-Phase Multilevel Inverter Using Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization 139** Hui Hwang Goh, Chin Wan Ling, Kai Chen Goh, Qing Shi Chua, Sy Yi

Chapter 8 **Harmonic Mitigation for VSI Using DP-Based PI Controller 159** Ragini Meshram, Monika Madhusoodan and Sushama Wagh

Sim and Mohd Ariff Mohd Aifaa

**VI** Contents

Harmonic analysis is a diverse field including such branches as signal processing, medical imaging, power electrical systems, wireless telecommunications, etc. This book was written with the objective of providing recent developments and new techniques in harmonic analy‐ sis. In the recent years, a number of methods of quality control of signals under different perturbations, and especially the harmonics, have emerged. Some of these techniques are described in this book.

In the field of power electrical systems, due to the increased use of nonlinear electrical loads, harmonics currents are generated and returned to the grid causing voltage distortion, which will be absorbed by sensitive loads and cause losses in the lines. In addition, the develop‐ ment of power generation-based renewable energies is subject of many problems with har‐ monics. On the other hand, harmonic noise in electrical machines is due to many factors such as harmonics in control systems, switching harmonics, and harmonic voltages supplied by the power inverter. These harmonics cause many undesired phenomena such as electro‐ magnetic interference and torque ripples, which diminish the performance of the drive-in demanding applications. Recently, many research efforts have been carried out on the re‐ duction of the harmonics essentially due to inverter switching by using an inverter output passive filter topology but with certain limitations and, in other cases, active filter design to reduce or compensate harmonics on the supply side by injecting harmonics into the line cur‐ rent. Other investigations were studied to suppress the harmonic contents.

This book is the result of contributions from many researchers and is a collection of eight research works, which are focused on the harmonic analysis theme but with different appli‐ cations. This book comprises two sections. The topics covered concern the areas of medical imaging, biopotential systems, renewable energy conversion systems, wireless telecommu‐ nications, power converters, as well as the different techniques for estimating, analyzing, reducing, and eliminating harmonics.

In the first section, composed of chapters 1 to 4, we present a variety of harmonic analysis applications for various fields.

Chapter 1 "Compensation of Frequency-Dependent Attenuation for Tissue Harmonic Pulse Compression Imaging" concerns a crucial problem in medical tissue imaging, which is the frequency-independent attenuation and its influence on harmonics. The authors proposed a novel and simple method for frequency-dependent attenuation to realize fine tissue har‐ monic imaging, which can also compensate transducer characteristics. The technique pro‐ posed is based on FM chirp pulse compression to realize high SNR.

In Chapter 2, "Cancelling Harmonic Power Line Interference in Biopotentials," the authors present a review of the existing methods for the elimination of power line inference harmonics from biopotential signals and analyze the distortion introduced by some of the most basic approaches for the cancellation of PLI and determine how this distortion affects the diagnostic performance in biopotential investigations. Also, and mainly for the purpose of removing PLI and its harmonics without loss of diagnostic information, four types of traditional fixed fre‐ quency band stop filters and a time-varying pole radius multiple notch IIR filter are imple‐ mented in MATLAB and tested on a real ElectroCardioGram database. It's concluded that the TVNM filter presents better performances and provides almost no distortion.

in fundamental component voltage boosting capability. The second part proceeds with the optimized harmonic stepped waveform technique, the basic concept of which applies to se‐ lective harmonic elimination PWM and quarter-wave symmetric to eliminate low order har‐ monics and therefore reduce harmonic distortion. In addition, the selective harmonic elimination calculation is adapted with a genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimiza‐ tion, which give a better output quality in terms of selected harmonic elimination. Optimiza‐ tion algorithms are compared, for equal and unequal sources, in terms of total harmonic

Chapter 8, "Harmonic Mitigation for VSI Using DP-Based PI Controller," addresses the de‐ sign of a conventional PI controller, based on the dynamic phasor modelling technique, which eliminates selected current harmonics. Two systems are considered and correspond‐ ing respectively to a single-phase voltage source inverter and grid-connected single-phase PV inverter. Also, a comparison with the repetitive control technique, which allows full

Finally, this book intends to provide the reader with recent developments and new technol‐ ogies in the field of harmonic analysis, and in my capacity as the editor of this book, I would like to thank the authors for their contributions and for ensuring the best quality of their

Research Group "Intelligent management of energy and information systems"

Faculty of Sciences Semlalia – University Cadi Ayyad

**Pr. Moulay Tahar Lamchich** Department of Physics

Marrakech, Morocco

Preface IX

distortion and selected harmonic elimination.

submitted works.

I hope all will enjoy the book.

compensation of selected frequencies, is also detailed.

In Chapter 3, "Harmonic Analysis of the Wind Energy Conversion System Connected with Electrical Network," a harmonic analysis for a wind energy conversion system based on a doubly-fed induction generator is developed. This study focused on the components of the wind turbine system, namely induction generator, frequency converter, and electric net‐ work, with steady state and dynamic state models.

Chapter 4 "Optimization Approaches in Sideband Calculations and a Non-Iterative Har‐ monic Suppression Strategy in 4D Arrays" concerns wireless communication technologies. The authors examine methods using optimization techniques for the suppression of har‐ monic radiations. Common excitation strategies, calculation of the total power of SRs, and techniques used in harmonic calculations are also presented. This research work is, above all, focused on a noniterative harmonic suppression algorithm, illustrated by a simple exam‐ ple of 10-element linear control, in the object of harmonic suppression with lateral control.

Section 2, composed of four chapters, is related to different computational tools, methods, and techniques for the identification, analysis, reduction, and elimination of harmonics. So:

In Chapter 5, "Compendium of Computational Tools for Power Systems Harmonic Analy‐ sis," the authors explore artificial neural networks for fast evaluation of harmonic distortion in distribution infrastructures. They show, through this study, that it may be possible to ach‐ ieve fast resolution of harmonic problems with the application of a neural network, expert systems, and other computational intelligence tools. These tools have the potential of mini‐ mizing the cost of multiple on-site harmonic monitoring and field recording and the rigor‐ ous harmonic modelling of the system in its entirety.

In Chapter 6, "Power System Harmonic Estimation Using Adaptive Filters," the authors present a synthesis of different adaptive filtering models used to estimate harmonic ampli‐ tudes and phases in distorted power systems. The focus is especially on least mean square (LMS) and recursive least square (RLS)-based adaptive estimation models, which can esti‐ mate and track the harmonic amplitudes and phases in practical power system applications. In this chapter, the simulation results, using MATLAB, show the performances of Volterra series–based adaptive filters. It's concluded that VLMS/F filters provide a better harmonic estimation accuracy and stable convergence of estimation error compared to LMS, VLMS, and LMS/F. Also, Volterra RLS-based harmonic estimation model provides faster and more stable convergence with minimum estimation error.

Chapter 7, "Harmonic Reduction of a Single-Phase Multilevel Inverter Using Genetic Algo‐ rithm and Particle Swarm Optimization," is mainly focalized on three aspects: the first part concerns the choice of cascade H-bridge topology multilevel inverter based on a sinusoidal PWM technique, which produces better quality output both in total harmonic distortion and

in fundamental component voltage boosting capability. The second part proceeds with the optimized harmonic stepped waveform technique, the basic concept of which applies to se‐ lective harmonic elimination PWM and quarter-wave symmetric to eliminate low order har‐ monics and therefore reduce harmonic distortion. In addition, the selective harmonic elimination calculation is adapted with a genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimiza‐ tion, which give a better output quality in terms of selected harmonic elimination. Optimiza‐ tion algorithms are compared, for equal and unequal sources, in terms of total harmonic distortion and selected harmonic elimination.

Chapter 8, "Harmonic Mitigation for VSI Using DP-Based PI Controller," addresses the de‐ sign of a conventional PI controller, based on the dynamic phasor modelling technique, which eliminates selected current harmonics. Two systems are considered and correspond‐ ing respectively to a single-phase voltage source inverter and grid-connected single-phase PV inverter. Also, a comparison with the repetitive control technique, which allows full compensation of selected frequencies, is also detailed.

Finally, this book intends to provide the reader with recent developments and new technol‐ ogies in the field of harmonic analysis, and in my capacity as the editor of this book, I would like to thank the authors for their contributions and for ensuring the best quality of their submitted works.

I hope all will enjoy the book.

In Chapter 2, "Cancelling Harmonic Power Line Interference in Biopotentials," the authors present a review of the existing methods for the elimination of power line inference harmonics from biopotential signals and analyze the distortion introduced by some of the most basic approaches for the cancellation of PLI and determine how this distortion affects the diagnostic performance in biopotential investigations. Also, and mainly for the purpose of removing PLI and its harmonics without loss of diagnostic information, four types of traditional fixed fre‐ quency band stop filters and a time-varying pole radius multiple notch IIR filter are imple‐ mented in MATLAB and tested on a real ElectroCardioGram database. It's concluded that the

In Chapter 3, "Harmonic Analysis of the Wind Energy Conversion System Connected with Electrical Network," a harmonic analysis for a wind energy conversion system based on a doubly-fed induction generator is developed. This study focused on the components of the wind turbine system, namely induction generator, frequency converter, and electric net‐

Chapter 4 "Optimization Approaches in Sideband Calculations and a Non-Iterative Har‐ monic Suppression Strategy in 4D Arrays" concerns wireless communication technologies. The authors examine methods using optimization techniques for the suppression of har‐ monic radiations. Common excitation strategies, calculation of the total power of SRs, and techniques used in harmonic calculations are also presented. This research work is, above all, focused on a noniterative harmonic suppression algorithm, illustrated by a simple exam‐ ple of 10-element linear control, in the object of harmonic suppression with lateral control. Section 2, composed of four chapters, is related to different computational tools, methods, and techniques for the identification, analysis, reduction, and elimination of harmonics. So: In Chapter 5, "Compendium of Computational Tools for Power Systems Harmonic Analy‐ sis," the authors explore artificial neural networks for fast evaluation of harmonic distortion in distribution infrastructures. They show, through this study, that it may be possible to ach‐ ieve fast resolution of harmonic problems with the application of a neural network, expert systems, and other computational intelligence tools. These tools have the potential of mini‐ mizing the cost of multiple on-site harmonic monitoring and field recording and the rigor‐

In Chapter 6, "Power System Harmonic Estimation Using Adaptive Filters," the authors present a synthesis of different adaptive filtering models used to estimate harmonic ampli‐ tudes and phases in distorted power systems. The focus is especially on least mean square (LMS) and recursive least square (RLS)-based adaptive estimation models, which can esti‐ mate and track the harmonic amplitudes and phases in practical power system applications. In this chapter, the simulation results, using MATLAB, show the performances of Volterra series–based adaptive filters. It's concluded that VLMS/F filters provide a better harmonic estimation accuracy and stable convergence of estimation error compared to LMS, VLMS, and LMS/F. Also, Volterra RLS-based harmonic estimation model provides faster and more

Chapter 7, "Harmonic Reduction of a Single-Phase Multilevel Inverter Using Genetic Algo‐ rithm and Particle Swarm Optimization," is mainly focalized on three aspects: the first part concerns the choice of cascade H-bridge topology multilevel inverter based on a sinusoidal PWM technique, which produces better quality output both in total harmonic distortion and

TVNM filter presents better performances and provides almost no distortion.

work, with steady state and dynamic state models.

VIII Preface

ous harmonic modelling of the system in its entirety.

stable convergence with minimum estimation error.

**Pr. Moulay Tahar Lamchich** Department of Physics Research Group "Intelligent management of energy and information systems" Faculty of Sciences Semlalia – University Cadi Ayyad Marrakech, Morocco

**Section 1**

**Harmonic Analysis in Systems of Imaging,**

**Wireless Communication, Biopotential and**

**Renewable Energy**
