**7. Conclusion**

It has been shown that in early lesions of the atherosclerosis, fatty streaks progress very early in fetal period [3, 4]. The creation of fatty streaks also depends on many dynamics such as the susceptibility of the arteries and genetic factors, and the maternal hypercholesterolemia. The locations of a lesion demonstrate variability, and the fatty streaks tend to occur focally in certain predisposed regions while sparing neighboring unaffected sections [3]. Abdominal aorta and common carotid are much more prone to the development of fatty streaks [4]. The intracranial arteries are less prone to laceration enlargement than extra-cranial arteries; hence, the initial lesions develop in extra-cranial arteries rather than

The purpose why certain arteries are more disposed to atherosclerotic changes is not well understood. The hemodynamic factors and morphologic features of the artery may play a role

Shultz et al. outcomes [16] demonstrated that variation in carotid bifurcation anatomy is not restricted to differences in absolute vessel dimension. In addition, vessel diameter and area

Selected studies, which have studied the relation between bifurcation's luminal geometry and the occurrence of cerebral artery aneurysms on angiographic images, have localized atherosclerotic lesions at the bifurcations of human cerebral arteries on autopsy cases. However, in this study, there were no available data on the endothelial topography in bifurcation geometry of newborn cadavers in the CCA and its major branches. For this motivation, histologic

Gosling et al. analyzed the optimal area ratio of an arterial bifurcation, producing the least reflection of pressure to be 1.15. That proportion can be close to ideal in human infants; however, in the long term, the decrease in outflow to inflow area ratio can lead to atherosclerotic plaque development. Gosling et al. studied 19 cases, with ages ranging from 0 to 10 and the outflow to inflow area ratio was found to be 1.11 ± 0.02 at 0 age group. Uslu's consequences

Sitzer attempted to deliver a mechanistic link by proposing that their angle or rotation of ICA origin may be related to the ICA angle of insertion (comparable with the ICA-CCA angle of

There are several studies on the diameters of CCA, ICA, and ECA in adults, but few studies are on newborns. To our knowledge, there are no earlier documents available on the relation-

Sehirli reported the mean outflow to inflow area ratio as 1.10 ± 0.33 mm in female and 1.18 ± 0.22 mm in male newborn cadavers for the common carotid artery bifurcation [6]. The consequences of Uslu's study on intracranial bifurcations show that the means of the outflow to inflow area ratio in fetal material are close to the optimum value in fetal material for the

Consistent with the results, the luminal geometry of arterial bifurcations impacts the blood

ship between the diameter of newborn cadavers and the CCA, ICA, and ECA [6].

[9, 12, 14, 20, 21]. It has been concentrated on the carotid bifurcation [3].

ratios diverge between and within individuals [20].

assessment makes last studies more valuable [3, 31].

Lee et al.), which has been linked to flow turbulences [2, 25].

flow that produces endothelial damage [3, 9, 13, 26].

were closer to the optimum ratio [3, 12].

cerebral vessels.

in intracranial ones [4].

24 Atherosclerosis - Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow

In newborns, the results showed that the outflow to inflow area ratio was very close to optimum. Recent data can be very helpful for understanding the anatomical variations of the CCA, ECA, and ICA. The correlations between area ratios and the histologic assessments of cerebral vessels of newborn cadavers specify that the early stage of atherosclerosis began in early embryologic life. Last results encourage the hypothesis that carotid bifurcation anatomy is among the main risk factors for the early onset of atheroma plaques. Still, supplementary studies are needed to underline the other factors, potentials, and mechanisms.
