2.2. Low-glycemic index of carbohydrates and inflammatory state intestinal mucose

ingested in food by the value of its GI. The GL should be interpreted as a measure in the demand for insulin, this value is a good indicator of the levels of post-prandial glycemia, associated to the amount of calories in a particular portion of food or diet [65]. Thus, foods with high GL and high GI have a direct effect on the development of hyperinsulinemia [66], insulin resistance and risks to develop DM, which also have been linked to high-IG foods [67].

New Insights into Alleviating Diabetes Mellitus: Role of Gut Microbiota and a Nutrigenomic Approach

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76202

189

Several studies have determined a clear link between the glycemic index and the glycemic load of food and the insulin response [52, 68, 69]. Studies suggest that carbohydrates can modify the microbiota, depending on their ability to increase glycemic and insulin response values according to glycemic and insulinemic index [70, 71]. In this sense, several studies in rodents have reported oligofructose as a recognized prebiotic, capable of modulating IM and improving insulin sensitivity [72, 73]. Similarly, inulin-type fructans have been tested to determine their ability to modulate lipid metabolism and carbohydrate in various animal models [73, 74]. It has been reported that oligofructose (OFS) decreases the intake of food, the development of fat mass and hepatic steatosis in normal and obese rodents. In addition, OFS exerts an antidiabetic effect in rats treated with streptozotocin and mice treated with high content of fat [72]. Chang et al. demonstrated that the addition of OFS also caused changes in the IM, specifically for Bifidobacterium and Clostridium leptum [75] content. These results suggest that OFS may be an effective therapeutic complement in the treatment of diabetes type 1 (DM1) by improving insulin sensitivity and beta cell function, leading to better glycemic control [76]. OFS reduced body weight, energy intake and fat mass in both phenotypes (P < 0.05) [76]. In another study carried out in two different groups of rodents, OFS did not modify ghrelin in plasma, but plasma levels of GIP were reduced and PYY were elevated (P < 0.05) [76] by OFS, reducing body weight and adiposity in prone obese phenotypes and in those insulin-resistant [76].

The changes induced by this saccharide in the profiles of IM of these animals, along with the changes of intestinal hormone levels probably contribute to lower body weights sustained [76, 77]. Milk prebiotic oligosaccharides have been reported to alter the IM and may influence the metabolism of the host. In a study performed in rats comparing diets with 15% of glucose, fructose, galactose, and methylcellulose content, daily intake of 15% galactose improved the sensitivity to hepatic insulin compared with glucose and fructose, producing an increase in the content of hepatic glycogen in the feeding state and a positive change in the IM populations; unlike the intake of galacto-oligosaccharides [78], which improved the IM profile without any effect on the insulin sensitivity. The GI of lactose, fructose and isomaltose is (=43), (=20), and (=2), respectively [62]. Further studies on these indicators are required in monosaccharides and

3. New perspectives in biotechnology of foods, low-glycemic index and the

In context where health and feeding are the main concerns of the human being, food innovation takes a special interest to people that look for a healthy diet or demands a greater number

2.2.3. Insulin response and inflammation mucus and glycocalyx layer

their effect on the human microbiome.

microbiota
