**2. Classification of pain**

**1.** Acute pain: it is a type of pain that starts suddenly, has a nociceptive nature, has tissue damage, shows a close relationship with the cause of the lesion in terms of location, time, and intensity, and gradually disappears as the healing progresses [1, 2]. The most common types of acute pain are posttraumatic, postoperative, and obstetric pain [3].

Pain scales such as visual analogue scale (VAS), verbal descriptive scale (VDS), numerical rat-

Pain Management

95

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74296

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is known to be a very painful orthopedic procedure [5]. For this reason, effective pain control is important to optimize the rehabilitation process in order to ensure patient satisfaction, hospital stay, and cost reduction [6]. However, the difficulty of postoperative pain management after TKA is to maintain adequate motor function with adequate analgesia. The patient is informed about the surgery to be performed before the operation, and a training program and the physical preparation are recommended. Patients undergoing preoperative exercise and training showed significant improvements in function, quadriceps strength, and duration of stay. After the surgical intervention is performed, the patient can continue the rehabilitation program to speed up the healing process in the home under the supervision of a physiotherapist. Rehabilitation therapy depends on many factors such as patient characteristics, prosthesis characteristics, and postoperative complications.

More than 1.1 million joint arthroplasty (TJA) are performed annually in the USA, and more

Acute postoperative pain that is poorly treated is associated with both physiological and psy-

There are negative effects on the muscular system, on the coagulation system, on the wound healing, and on the immune system. Finally, poorly controlled pain after surgery may impair

**5. Pathophysiological changes caused by postoperative pain in the** 

• Pulmonary system: hypoventilation, decreased vital capacity, pulmonary infection

sleep and have negative psychological effects, such as demoralization and anxiety.

chological functions in the body [2, 9–11], which are as follows:

• Cardiovascular system: coronary ischemia, myocardial infarction

• Gastrointestinal system: reduced motility, ileus, nausea, vomiting

**6. Postoperative pain treatment/management methods**

**1.** Regional analgesia techniques and multimodal analgesia

• Renal system: increases in urinary retention and sphincter tone, oliguria

than 700,000 of them are primary TKA [7, 8].

**organism**

**2.** Drug therapy

**4.** Preemptive analgesia

**5.** Patient education

**3.** Nonpharmacological techniques

ing scale (NRS) are used as standard methods in the evaluation of pain of patients.

