**Author details**

leader of the nation. Such event occurred in Brazil, Argentina, Germany, Chile, and others, as it is permitted by law. In other countries, the women are segregated from man in various activities such as being with her husband and her friends as well as it is prohibited to go to the beach with bikini. Some cultures ask for the women to cover the face at all times and some

Between all aspects, the ones that are tied to the population's health are to be looked closely. The aspect of abortion regulation is a problem that shows a hard example for dialog building due to the fact that there are very opposite opinions. Values and aspects for dealing with sex and abortion by the health system point of view vary within society's ethical and legal standards. Anyway, the pattern of behavior shows that in many situations the ideal way to deal with the abortion is far from what is indeed done, breaking ethics, laws, and health protocols. The scenario shown allows us to interpret that countries with different religious aspects, geographical location, and political system do treat the abortion theme differently. The abortion as well as the artificial fertilization, family planning regulation, is much more a socio-political aspect of life than scientific, even though the risk of an inter-

What we can learn going through history is that abortion legalized or prohibited according to its cultural aspects is always a practice within the society. Legislation of all countries has gone in different ways following the scientific and social founding. Basically, two different

One of this positions deny the possibility of the realization of the abortion process in any condition, usually tied to the catholic followers, and of others that consider that the life of a person starts in the conception, that being, when the sperm meets the ovule. It is a position defended by other churches and religious groups that say that life starts before the act of being born as the Islam and Judaism say. Others consider that life starts when the person is born, when the biological has in society a social position as a person. The different beliefs tend to alter the human being's positions. It is not a matter of criticizing but to respect. Anyhow, it is important to quote that Gafo, Spanish catholic priest, in his writings shows a different approach using the bible saying that it does not condemn abortion explicitly.

Another position is the one of acceptance of the abortion process, with or without some regulation. It is without a doubt the biggest position in the world. The abortion made with a justifiable argument does not face any kind of punishment. The variations occur in types of justifications accepted and go from the very rigorous to almost stopping the realization. The most accepted justifications are the abortions that are called therapeutic in which the life of the pregnant woman is in danger, whereas the eugenic abortions are made when the fetus shows anomalies. Apart from these cases, the other reason is that the pregnancy is a result of

These justifications are based on defending the woman's health. Justifications for social reasons are not remembered, but by those, innumerous women are led into making an abortion in an illicit way.

The women's sexual aspect tends to vary as time changes and as society shapes it.

do not even allow them to drive cars.

vention is very low.

296 Family Planning

positions are very evident.

rape or an incestuous relation.

Affonso Renato Meira

Address all correspondence to: armeira@usp.br

Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

#### **References**

[1] Meira AR. Society and Health: An Introduction to the Notions of Social Sciences Applied to Health. Campo Grande: Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul; 1997. 104 pp

[2] Meira AR. Abortion: Introduction and Perspectives. Saarbrücken: New Academic Editions; 2017. 84 pp

**Chapter 15**

**Provisional chapter**

**Male Contraceptives**

**Male Contraceptives**

Eka Rusdianto Gunardi and Yohanes Handoko

Eka Rusdianto Gunardi and Yohanes Handoko

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.72163

**Background:** The world's population has been growing exponentially, however, currently the choices for male contraception are limited. This review explores ongoing

**Method:** A literature search was conducted on PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar

**Results:** There are 15 research done on non-hormonal male contraceptives, 2 of which are already widely used and the other 2 are undergoing clinical trials. Hormonal contraceptives are provided in two regiments, testosterone alone, and testosterone with progestins.

**Conclusion:** There are a variety of possible methods for male contraception. Nonhormonal methods, such as RISUG and Gandarusa are sent through clinical trials, and may be available in the near future. There are still no hormonal contraceptives for men

**Keywords:** male contraception, hormonal contraceptives, non-hormonal contraceptives

The world's population has been growing exponentially in the recent decades is expected to reach 9 billion in 2050. Considering the current difficulties in managing health and poverty,

Contraception is the intentional prevention of conception or pregnancy by various methods; barrier methods, hormonal contraception, intrauterine devices, sterilization and behavioral methods. Of these methods, only two are available for men, the male condom (barrier), and vasectomy (sterilization). The male condom is an effective method of contraception with the added benefit of prevention of STIs, however relies on discipline and availability of the

Currently, no hormonal contraceptives are available for men.

contraception is becoming increasingly important [1, 2].

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72163

researches on male contraceptives.

**Abstract**

on March 2015.

that are ready for use.

**1. Introduction**


**Provisional chapter**
