**Pregnant and Out of Options: The Quest for Abortion in Latin America Due to the Zika Virus Pandemic in Latin America Due to the Zika Virus Pandemic**

**Pregnant and Out of Options: The Quest for Abortion** 

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.72377

David A. Schwartz David A. Schwartz Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

[68] Depe Y, Ayten Ş. Views and behaviors of men about family planning. Republican Uni-

[69] Şankazan S, Yıldız A.Ankara ili Deliler Köyü'ndeki evli erkeklerin aile planlaması ile ilgili bilgi tutum ve davranışları. Ankara University Medical Faculty Journal. 2002;**55**(1):41-50

[70] Westhoff C. Emergency contraception. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003;**349**:

[71] Hoke TH, Wheeler SB, Lynd K, Green MS, Razafindravony BH, Rasamihajamanana E, Blumenthal PD. Community-based provision of injectable contraceptives in Madagascar: 'task shifting' to expand access to injectable contraceptives. Health Policy and Planning.

[72] White JS, Speizer IS. Can family planning outreach bridge the urban-rural divide in Zambia? BMC Health Services Research. 2007;**7**:143. DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-7-143 [73] Juma PA, Mutombo N, Mukiira C. Women's attitudes towards receiving family planning services from community health workers in rural Western Kenya. African Health

[74] Irani L, Speizer I, Barrington C. Attitudes, beliefs and norms relating to contraceptive use among young migrant and non-migrant adults in urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Global Public Health. 2013;**8**(9):1048-1062. DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2013.838598

versity Nursing High School Journal. 2006;**10**:29-36

1830-1835. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcp031990

50 Family Planning

2012;**27**(1):52-59. DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czr003

Sciences. 2015;**15**(1):161-170. DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v15i1.22

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72377

#### **Abstract**

Latin America has some of the strictest abortion rules in the world, where the procedure is criminal in cases of rape, incest, or even to save the life of the mother. More than 97% of women in Latin America and the Caribbean live in countries where access to abortion is either restricted or banned altogether. As a result, unsafe abortion is widespread and causes 10% of all maternal deaths in the region. With the onset of the Zika virus pandemic in 2015, and the identification of the virus as causing poor pregnancy outcomes including fetal infection, microcephaly, and other malformations, there became an increased demand for abortions in Latin American countries. The response of many Latin American governments to Zika infection during pregnancy was to recommend that women avoid or postpone their pregnancies. These recommendations were not possible for many women at risk in the affected countries, especially those who were uneducated or living in poverty. As a result of the Zika pandemic, there has been an increased demand for abortion in many of the affected countries that, because of the clandestine and illegal nature of the procedure, carries the heightened risk for additional maternal morbidity and mortality.

**Keywords:** Zika virus, congenital Zika syndrome, unsafe abortion, unmet need, family planning, pregnancy, illegal abortion, microcephaly, Latin America, Central America, South America, abortion, human rights, reproductive rights, reproductive health, viral infection, public health, contraception

#### **1. Introduction**

The accessibility and utilization of family planning methods in Central and South America have historically been limited by several factors, including availability, affordability, and education, especially when comparing indigenous with nonindigenous women, the poor

Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons

and the wealthy, and rural and urban dwellers. Throughout Latin America, multiple studies have demonstrated a variety of ethnic, financial, and social risk factors for unintended and unwanted pregnancies, unmet need for family planning, and unsafe abortion. These include widespread poverty, lower education levels, high fertility rates, early age at first intercourse, adolescent and teen pregnancy, rural areas of residence, cultural and language barriers in health-care facilities which are especially prevalent among indigenous women, sexual violence, and insubordination [1, 2]. Because the predominant religion in these countries is Roman Catholicism, religious doctrine has significantly impacted the use of family planning methods. In particular, abortion is unlawful in almost all Latin American countries, except under certain circumstances that are determined by national laws. Because of widespread unmet need for contraception, poverty, stigmatization, and unacceptably large numbers of adolescent and teenage pregnancies, women have historically sought to terminate unwanted pregnancies by means of unlawful abortion in these countries. With the advent of the Zika virus pandemic in 2015 and its spread throughout Latin America, this situation has increased. With the recognition that girls and women who become infected with the Zika virus while pregnant are at risk for developing such poor obstetrical outcomes as spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, infants with microcephaly, and other forms of fetal malformation, even if they exhibit no symptoms during gestation, the demand for abortion has increased. More than 97% of women in Latin America and the Caribbean live in countries where access to abortion is either restricted or banned altogether. In six Latin American countries, abortion is not permitted for any reason, including rape or to save the life of the mother [3]. As a result, they must often seek terminating their pregnancies through less-than-legal means, including performance of abortions in an environment lacking even minimal medical and sanitary standards and often performed clandestinely by persons lacking the necessary medical skills. The potential health consequences of unsafe abortion to the mother are well known [4]—just prior to the advent of the Zika pandemic in 2014, a minimum of 10% of all maternal deaths in Latin American and Caribbean countries, representing almost 900 girls and women, resulted from complications of unsafe abortions [5]. About 760,000 women in the region are treated annually for complications from unsafe abortion [3]. The ongoing public health problem of unsafe abortion was to be unexpectedly exacerbated when a newly emergent virus, the Zika virus, began to spread through South America in 2015 [6]. As it became known that the virus was responsible for the occurrence of microcephaly and other fetal malformations, it left those women at risk in endemic areas without a viable alternative to carrying a potentially infected fetus through to delivery. As a result, there has been an increased demand for abortion, even though it is illegal in most Latin American countries and, in some cases, can result in the incarceration of both the mother and abortionist, nurse, or physician. Penalties can be extreme—up to 10 years in prison for mothers having abortions in Paraguay and Honduras. In El Salvador, several single mothers have been imprisoned for having miscarriages during their pregnancy; women convicted of having an abortion face imprisonment of up to 50 years [7].

**2. Legal status of abortion in Latin America**

of the mother [3, 8–10].

The countries which compose Central and South America have the most restrictive and harsh penalties for performance of an abortion of any region in the world (**Figure 1**). In four Latin American countries—Suriname, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua—abortion is not permitted legally for any reason whatsoever, including in cases of rape, incest, or to save the life

Pregnant and Out of Options: The Quest for Abortion in Latin America Due to the Zika Virus…

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72377

53

Chile had been included in the list of countries that completely prohibit abortion, with penalties of up to 5 years in prison, until the government lifted the ban in 2017 [11, 12]. In Guyana, abortion is legal in the first 8 weeks of pregnancy, after which it can only be legally performed when it endangers the health of the mother or fetus. The legality of abortion in Mexico is determined by each individual state—in Mexico City, abortion was decriminalized in 2007 only if performed during the first 12 weeks of gestation; however, the rest of Mexico has much stricter regulations [13]. Two countries in Central and South America permit legal abortion

**Figure 1.** The status of abortion law in Latin America, United Nations 2013 report. In some cases, this map may not accurately depict the content of this article. Legal on request; restricted to cases of maternal life, mental health, health, rape, fetal defects, and/or socioeconomic factors; restricted to cases of maternal life, mental health, health, rape, and/or fetal defects; restricted to cases of maternal life, mental health, health, and/or rape; restricted to cases of maternal life, mental health, and/or health; restricted to cases of maternal life; illegal with no exceptions. After

Wikipedia, Abortion Law. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion\_law.

This chapter discusses the legal, medical, and social issues surrounding the dilemma among the predominantly poor women of Latin America who are impacted by the emergence of the Zika virus pandemic, its effect on the unborn fetus, and their fears of having a malformed infant.
