**1. Introduction**

The beginning of the twenty-first century was marked by a sharp increase in fundamental geological research in the world to create a modern scientific basis for further development of mineral and raw materials sector of the world economy. Mineral resources are still the backbone of the economies of many countries, but there is a general tendency for their depletion as a result of mining the deposits discovered in previous years. The most important task is to open new mineral deposits on the basis of modern geotectonic concepts of geological

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

structure development and processes of ore formation with the aim to develop new technologies of deep earth prognosis and prospect for ore deposits [1].

The territory of East Kazakhstan is a unique geological area, in which many deposits of copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, rare metals and rare earths, titanium, hydrocarbon raw materials and other minerals are concentrated. A powerful industrial infrastructure of mining and metallurgical works and plants has been built in the region on their basis.

The novelty of the study is further development of scientific idea of the Greater Altai (GA) geostructure formation during the Hercynian collision (C<sup>1</sup> -C<sup>3</sup> ) of Kazakhstan and Siberian paleomicrocontinents, horizontal displacement and coalescence of large tectonic blocks of the earth's crust (terranes) during the Irtysh-Zaisan paleobasin (a part of the Paleo-Asiatic ocean) degradation. A significant ore-controlling importance is attached to justification of belt placement of orebearing structures and deposits which were formed in various geodynamic settings and regimes.

The tendency of ore deposit's belt distribution is manifested in the North American, Mexican, South China, Urals metallogenic provinces and other regions of Kazakhstan [4, 6]. Revealed ore belts within the territory of the Greater Altai regional ranks offer new opportunities for deposit forecasting and prospecting especially on poorly studied and closed territories.

Deep mobile zones (DMZs) and associated systems of longitudinal-transverse faults which caused intensive transformations of the entire section of the EC and the upper mantle played a decisive role in magmatism origin and evolution, the spatial arrangement of volcanic and intrusive belts. The real differentiation of the upper mantle and the level of foci nucleation in the EC reformation column determined the composition and geochemical specialization of magmatism. The influence of the mantle plume evidently played a decisive role in the metallogenic specialization of Charskaya, West Kalbinsk and Zharma-Saur tectonic zones (Cr, Ni,

**Figure 1.** The Greater Altai geotectonic position in the structures of the Central Asian belt. 1—Ancient platforms and massifs; 2—Baikal; 3—Caledonian orogeny region; 4—Altai-Alashan area; and 5—position of the Greater Altai.

Tectonics and Metallogeny of East Kazakhstan http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72745 69

These data are consistent with the views of a number of researchers on the relationship between plume magmatism and metallogeny in Tarim, Siberian, Emeishan, Central European

In fact, small deposits of magmatic Cu-Ni formation C2–3 (Maksut et al.) are known in the territory of East Kazakhstan, and the earlier action of the asthenolite plume was recorded in the Rudniy Altai (in the Devonian) and Chara zone during the stage of the Hercynian collision

the trachybasalt-trachyriolite composition was formed under the influence of a local mantle plume. Therefore, the manifestation of mantle plumes in East Kazakhstan occurred, probably, repeatedly, and the mantle source of ore matter (Cr, Ni, Pt, Ir, Hg) is fixed in deposits of different types (copper-polymetallic, gold ore, rare metals and others). Consequently, it is also necessary to take into account the mantle plume models of the formation of ore-magmatic

The metabasalt layer (K surface) is fixed by amphibolites and hyperbasites fragments in the deep melange of Charskii, Irtysh-Markakol and other faults. In the axial part of the Rudny Altai, according to G.P. Nakhtigal's materials, the crust surface is elevated (at a depth of 22–24 km) bounded by Kalba-Narymsky (26–28 km) and Belousinsk-Sarymsaktin (28–30 km) edge deflections [2, 4, 5]. Metabasaltic layer elevations are also noted in the core zones of

[3]. Later, in the lower Triassic, the Semeytauska volcano-tectonic construction of

and other large magmatic provinces (R.D. Dzhenchuraeva, 2015).

systems for metallogenic constructions in the territory of the Greater Altai.

Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Au, and so on).

of C<sup>1</sup> -C<sup>3</sup>
