**4.2. Dating precisely of the tectonic events**

Since seismites formed before sediments are completely consolidated, the age of depositing sediments in seismites could indicate the approximate time of a paleo-seismic event, and the ages of syn-depositional volcanism and organic debris in relative layers of seismites can provide evidence for the absolute age of seismicity and the tectonic events. The 14C dating (radiocarbon dating), the U-Th disequilibrium technique (speleothem calcite), the electronic spin (ESR) (fossil dating), the K-Ar and 40Ar-39Ar dating (syntectonic illite) and the detrital zircon U/Pb dating (LA-MC-ICP-MS) can provide the different time-scale dating.

## **4.3. Effects on paleo-ecological environments and energy resources**

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Faults and fractures can be channels for fluid flow, especially hydrocarbon migration and mineral accumulation in different times, but also as destroyers for them when the faults and fractures are active later. The paleo-seismicity accompanied by development of faults and fractures will affect the lithology, structural deformation, fluid properties, pressure-temperature and anisotropy of consolidated rocks. The research of intensity, frequency and distribution of paleo-seismic events help us to understand structural deformation, fracture development, characteristics of porosity and permeability and fluid migration. Integrated research of paleoseismicity, basin structural and paleogeographic evolution may provide the reallocation and final determination of positions of oil and gas reservoirs and mineral resources.
