**3.2. Metallogenic zoning**

and associated mineralization occurred. The change of sidero-chalcophile mineralization (Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Au, Ag) by chalcophile (Pb, Zn, Au, Ag, Bi, Sb, etc.) and lithophilic (Ta, Nb, Sn, W, Mo, TR, etc.) occurred from early to late epochs [6]. System analysis of the materials shows that in each metallogenic zone the maximum outburst of mineralization (with the formation of industrial deposits) occurred only in a certain geodynamic regime and in the age interval.

The role of deep faults in the development of geological structures and metallogeny was considered in the works of many researchers (G.D. Azhgirey, A.V. Peive, N.P. Nekhoroshev, G.N. Shcherba, P.F. Ivankin, et al.). Deep faults had a long history of development, among which the Proterozoic, Caledonian and Hercynian fault systems as well as Cimmerian and Alpine (new and refurbished) are distinguished by age (location or intensive activation). The following systems also differ in direction: (1) longitudinally transverse (northwestern and northeastern), (2) longitude-latitudinal (regmatical), (3) diagonal, and (4) annular (according

In recent years, some common patterns of geological structure formation of Central Asian belt have been addressed in a number of publications from the theoretical standpoint of mobilism [6–10]. Particular attention has been given to determining the role of the mantle in tectogenesis, magmatism and ore formation processes, sources of magmatic melts and ore matter, clarifying geotectonic positions, age and ore content of granitoid batholiths and their connection with large Siberian and Tarim mantle plumes. General orientation of evolution of geology and metallogeny of the Greater Altai and skirting structures (Gorny Altai and Chingiz-Tarbagatai) occurred over a long geological history (from Precambrian to Quaternary time) in various

In the Precambrian, near-fault intrusions of hyperbasites were accompanied by mineralization of magmatic formation under oceanic rifting conditions—Cr, Ni, Co, Cu (Charco-Gornostaevsky belt). In the early stages of caledonides and hercinides, stratiform iron-manganese, polymetallic, and copper-pyrite volcanogenic sedimentary deposits of the Ural and Rudno-Altai types (Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cu, Au, Ag, etc.) were formed under rift-arc island geodynamic conditions

Predominantly small intrusions and dikes of the gabbro-diorite-granodiorite-plagiogranite series are localized under collision geodynamic conditions, productive for copper-nickel sulfide, copper-porphyry and gold mineralization—Ni, Co, Mo, Au, Ag, etc. (Chingiz-Tarbagatai, Zharma-Saur, Western Kalba, the Rudny Altai). Southeastern zones formed in the process of lithospheric plate collision with oceanic and continental earth crust types are fixed by a system of deep crust–mantle faults, ophiolite belts, blocks of metamorphic rocks and thrust-melange structures which have ore-controlling importance. They are accompanied by many minerals (Cr, Ni, Co, Cu, Hg, Au, etc.), including large gold deposits (Bakyrchik, Vasilkovskoe,

to space images interpretation) (**Figure 3**).

**3.1. The geological history of development of structures**

**3. Peculiarities of metallogeny**

72 Tectonics - Problems of Regional Settings

geodynamic regimes and conditions.

(Chingiz-Tarbagatai, Rudny Altai).

Suzdalskoe, etc.) [11, 12].

As a result of study, it has been determined that geotectonic and metallogenic zoning is fully consistent and the following ore-bearing structures have been identified: a metallogenic province, ore belt, metallogenic zone (subzone), ore region, ore zone, ore site and ore field. The Hercynian geostructure of the Greater Altai which covers the territory of the Rudny Altai, Kalba-Narym, Western Kalba, Zharma-Saur and adjacent regions of Russia and China is the largest.

Four ore belts have been determined within the Greater Altai by metallogenic zoning (**Figure 4**):


Chingiz-Tarbagatai belt in the southwest of the GA unites two metallogenic zones (West-Chingiz and East-Chingiz), and in the northeast there are Charyshskaya, Kholzun-Chuysko-Sicikhe and Tsunghu-Chihuye zones adjacent to the Gorny Altai [8].

**The Rudny Altai belt** was formed on the destructured continental crust of the Gorny Altai during the Hercynian cycle, and the change of geodynamic regimes from the initial rifting (D1e) to the island-arc (D<sup>3</sup> -C<sup>1</sup> ) was accompanied by a collision (C<sup>2</sup> -C<sup>3</sup> ), orogenic activation (P<sup>1</sup> - T1 ) and stabilization (Mesozoic-Cenozoic). The ore-control importance is given to a system of echeloned deep faults in the northwestern direction penetrating the activated upper mantle, which contributed to the entry of mantle-crustal magma and ore-bearing fluxes into the upper parts of the EC [3, 16]. Industrial copper-pyrite and pyrite-polymetallic deposits are concentrated in the core Rudny Altai zone of increased femininity of the EC section, the magmatic saturation and the density of mineralization and are clearly correlated with the elevation of the upper mantle, the metabasaltic layer, and the blocks of the Proterozoic and Caledonian basement.

**Figure 4.** Greater Altai metallogeny division into areas. 1—Border of Greater Altai; 2—of ore belts and 3—of metallogenic zones; 4—Rudnoaltaisk gold-copper-polymetal; 5—Qalba-Narym rare metal; 6—West Qalba gold bearing and (7) Zharma-Saur multimetal.

Pyrite-copper-polymetallic mineralization is genetically associated with a group of basaltandesite-rhyolite formations (D1–3), differentiated and contrasting antidirectional series, forming several productive geochronological levels from D<sup>1</sup> e to D3 fr1 (**Figure 5**). Accordingly, multi-rhythmic zoning and high-level distribution of mineralization in ore zones, ore sites and, in general, the ore belt (with a vertical span of ores up to 1000–1500 m) are manifested. There is a concentration of deposits in the Devonian volcanic arcs of ring structure framing the Caledonian paleo-elevations (Sinyushinsky, Revnushinsky, Alei and Rubtsovskoye), characterized by volcanic processes and ore formation duration.

**2.** hydrothermal metasomatic, associated with changes in volcanic-sedimentary rocks and fluid-porphyry complexes on the path of ore-bearing flows. The latter type includes the majority of commercial pyrite-polymetallic deposits (Zyryanovskoye, Maleevskoe, Belou-

**Figure 5.** Rudny Altai copper-polymetallic belt. 1—Boundary of metallogenic zones; 2—ore district; 3—ore zone; 4—ore node; 5 to 12—ore formations: 5—epimagmatic; 6—skarn; 7—greisen-quartz-vein; 8—quartz vein golden; 9—gold-quartz berezitic; 10—pyrite-polymetallic; 11—volcanogenic-sedimentary iron-manganese; 12—metamorphogenic (golden). Metallogenic zones: IF—Irtysh-Fuyun; RAA—Rudny Altai-Ashalinsk; BSK—Belousinsk-Sarymsaktin-Kurstinskaya. Ore regions (roman numerals in circles): I—Beloubinsky; II—Khamirsky; III—South Altai; IV—Rubtsovsky; V— Zmeinogorsky; VI—Leninogorsk; VII—Zyryanovsky; VIII—Maymyr; IX—Priirtyshsky; X—Bukhtarminsky;

Tectonics and Metallogeny of East Kazakhstan http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72745 75

The Rudny Altai is the main raw material base of nonferrous metallurgy in Kazakhstan. As a result of studies, the overall large scale of the Rudny Altai gold-copper-polymetallic belt is renewed, the belt continues in Russia on the northwestern flank (Rubtsovskoye, Zmeinogorskoye, Talovskoye, etc.), and in the southeast, with a sharp narrowing, it is traced to the territory of China Aschaly, Koktal, Timurty, and so on [8, 17]. This regional position of high productivity ore zone shows that the Rudny Altai prospects are not yet exhausted.

**The West Kalbia belt** is the main gold-bearing structure in East Kazakhstan, in which more than 450 deposits and gold ore occurrences of various geological and industrial types are concentrated [18].The general regularity of the spatial confinedness of gold ore deposits to Zaisan southeast zone formed during the Hercynian collision of Kazakhstan and Siberian lithospheric plates has been established (**Figure 6**). The Charsko-Gornostaevsky ophiolitic belt, which fixes the zone of deep mantle fault, was localized as a result of complex geodynamic development in the southeast zone; fold-melange, overlying thrust and ruptural structures were formed.

sovskoye, and so on).

XI—Kurchum-Caldzhirsky.

The linear cluster distribution of volcanic-tectonic structures with pyrite-polymetallic deposits in longitudinal ore zones (Leninogorsk, Zyryanovskaya, Orlovsky-Belousovskaya, etc.) with a step of ore nodes at the intersection of faults of 20–40 km is also characteristic. Sublatitudinal ore-control faults played an important role (Leninogorskii and others), especially at the junctions of their intersection with breaks in other directions, where volcanogenic ore centers were created (according to G.F. Yakovlev, 1976).

Ore formation took place under submarine conditions, evidently with an ascending waterand-hydrothermal system of solutions with a juvenile source of metals (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, S, Au, Ag, etc.) and dissolved gases (CO<sup>2</sup> , N<sup>2</sup> , H<sup>2</sup> S, S, Cl and others) (Dyachkov, Titov, 2005).

Two types of ores differ in origin:

**1.** stratiform hydrothermal sedimentary, characterized by the accumulation of ore matter at the bottom of the basin among sedimentary-pyroclastic rocks with the formation of stratified rhythmically layered ores (Ridder-Sokolnoye, Verkh-Ubinskoe, Nikitinsky deposits, and so on);

**Figure 5.** Rudny Altai copper-polymetallic belt. 1—Boundary of metallogenic zones; 2—ore district; 3—ore zone; 4—ore node; 5 to 12—ore formations: 5—epimagmatic; 6—skarn; 7—greisen-quartz-vein; 8—quartz vein golden; 9—gold-quartz berezitic; 10—pyrite-polymetallic; 11—volcanogenic-sedimentary iron-manganese; 12—metamorphogenic (golden). Metallogenic zones: IF—Irtysh-Fuyun; RAA—Rudny Altai-Ashalinsk; BSK—Belousinsk-Sarymsaktin-Kurstinskaya. Ore regions (roman numerals in circles): I—Beloubinsky; II—Khamirsky; III—South Altai; IV—Rubtsovsky; V— Zmeinogorsky; VI—Leninogorsk; VII—Zyryanovsky; VIII—Maymyr; IX—Priirtyshsky; X—Bukhtarminsky; XI—Kurchum-Caldzhirsky.

Pyrite-copper-polymetallic mineralization is genetically associated with a group of basaltandesite-rhyolite formations (D1–3), differentiated and contrasting antidirectional series,

**Figure 4.** Greater Altai metallogeny division into areas. 1—Border of Greater Altai; 2—of ore belts and 3—of metallogenic zones; 4—Rudnoaltaisk gold-copper-polymetal; 5—Qalba-Narym rare metal; 6—West Qalba gold bearing and (7)

multi-rhythmic zoning and high-level distribution of mineralization in ore zones, ore sites and, in general, the ore belt (with a vertical span of ores up to 1000–1500 m) are manifested. There is a concentration of deposits in the Devonian volcanic arcs of ring structure framing the Caledonian paleo-elevations (Sinyushinsky, Revnushinsky, Alei and Rubtsovskoye),

The linear cluster distribution of volcanic-tectonic structures with pyrite-polymetallic deposits in longitudinal ore zones (Leninogorsk, Zyryanovskaya, Orlovsky-Belousovskaya, etc.) with a step of ore nodes at the intersection of faults of 20–40 km is also characteristic. Sublatitudinal ore-control faults played an important role (Leninogorskii and others), especially at the junctions of their intersection with breaks in other directions, where volcanogenic ore centers

Ore formation took place under submarine conditions, evidently with an ascending waterand-hydrothermal system of solutions with a juvenile source of metals (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, S, Au,

**1.** stratiform hydrothermal sedimentary, characterized by the accumulation of ore matter at the bottom of the basin among sedimentary-pyroclastic rocks with the formation of stratified rhythmically layered ores (Ridder-Sokolnoye, Verkh-Ubinskoe, Nikitinsky deposits,

e to D3 fr1

S, S, Cl and others) (Dyachkov, Titov, 2005).

(**Figure 5**). Accordingly,

forming several productive geochronological levels from D<sup>1</sup>

characterized by volcanic processes and ore formation duration.

, N<sup>2</sup> , H<sup>2</sup>

were created (according to G.F. Yakovlev, 1976).

Ag, etc.) and dissolved gases (CO<sup>2</sup>

Two types of ores differ in origin:

and so on);

Zharma-Saur multimetal.

74 Tectonics - Problems of Regional Settings

**2.** hydrothermal metasomatic, associated with changes in volcanic-sedimentary rocks and fluid-porphyry complexes on the path of ore-bearing flows. The latter type includes the majority of commercial pyrite-polymetallic deposits (Zyryanovskoye, Maleevskoe, Belousovskoye, and so on).

The Rudny Altai is the main raw material base of nonferrous metallurgy in Kazakhstan. As a result of studies, the overall large scale of the Rudny Altai gold-copper-polymetallic belt is renewed, the belt continues in Russia on the northwestern flank (Rubtsovskoye, Zmeinogorskoye, Talovskoye, etc.), and in the southeast, with a sharp narrowing, it is traced to the territory of China Aschaly, Koktal, Timurty, and so on [8, 17]. This regional position of high productivity ore zone shows that the Rudny Altai prospects are not yet exhausted.

**The West Kalbia belt** is the main gold-bearing structure in East Kazakhstan, in which more than 450 deposits and gold ore occurrences of various geological and industrial types are concentrated [18].The general regularity of the spatial confinedness of gold ore deposits to Zaisan southeast zone formed during the Hercynian collision of Kazakhstan and Siberian lithospheric plates has been established (**Figure 6**). The Charsko-Gornostaevsky ophiolitic belt, which fixes the zone of deep mantle fault, was localized as a result of complex geodynamic development in the southeast zone; fold-melange, overlying thrust and ruptural structures were formed.

**Figure 6.** Location of Zaisan suture zone. 1—Borders of Greater Altai and 2—borders of metallogeny zones; 3— Caledonian, and 4 and 5—Hercynian structures; 6—Azaisansky suture; 7—protrusion of hyperbasites; 8—dikes and 9—dubalkalic granitoids; 10 to 12—Cr, Au, Hg deposits. Metallogenic zones (I—Beloubinsko-Sarymsaktinskaya, II—Rudno-Altaiskaya, III—Irtysh-Fyunskaya, IV—Kalba-Narym, V—West-Kalba, VI—Charsko-Zimunaiskaya, VII— Zharma-Saurs, VIII—Syrektas-Sarsazan).

The system of diagonal deep faults in the west-north-west direction (West Kalbinsky, Charskiy, Terektinsky and Baiguzin-Bulaksky) had ore-controlling importance along which the belts of the near-fault small intrusions and dikes of the gabbro-diorite-granodiorite-plagiogranite series (С2–3-С<sup>3</sup> ) in association with ore-bearing fluid flows were formed.

It was here that, at the junction of continental margins in a collision geodynamic situation, favorable conditions were created for the formation of gold-bearing structures and deposits (Zapadno-Kalkinskaya, Zhanan-Boko-Zaisanskaya, Yuzhnoaltaiskaya and other ore zones), which, according to geological and geophysical data, frame the Charko-Gornostaevsky uplift from the northeast and southwest).The patterns of formation and the criteria for predicting gold ore deposits in the region under study (geotectonic, geological-structural, magmatic, mineralogical-geochemical and others) have been considered in a number of publications [11, 12]. One of the main regularities is belt placement of ore zones and gold ore objects which we unite into a large East Kazakhstan gold belt of regional ranks [1]. The arc belt has a considerable length (length of about 800 km with a width of 40–60 km), and in the northwestern flank, it has a gateway in the meridional direction and is covered with loose sediments in Kulunda depression; in the southeast, it is intersected by rare-metal granites of the Kalba-Narym pluton and it further penetrates into the territory of the Southern Altai and is traced to China (**Figure 7**).

An important ore-petrological criterion is determined in establishing paragenetic connection of gold with small intrusions and dikes of Kunushsky complex C3 and its analogues (Saldyrminsky and Katoy complexes). The leading geological and industrial types of gold deposits are: (1) gold-listenitic (Maralakha deposit); (2) gold-sulfide (Suzdalskoe, Mirage, etc.); (3) gold-quartz (Kuludzhun, Sentash, Kystav-Kurchum); (4) gold-quartz beresit (Baladzhal, Manka); (5) gold-arsenic-carbonaceous (Bakyrchik, Bolshevik); (6) crust weathering (Zhanan,

**Figure 7.** Scheme of placement of rare metal and gold-ore belts. 1—The boundaries of the Greater Altai and 2 metallogenic zones; 3—Irtysh crush zone; 4—East Kazakhstan gold ore, and 5—Kalba-Narym rare metal belt; 6 rare metal ore regions (1—Shulbinsk; 2—North-West-Kalba; 3—Central-Kalba; 4—Narym); (7) gold ore regions (1—Mukursky; 2—Bakyrchik; 3—Kuludjun; 4, South Altai); (8–13) types of deposits: 8—albitite-greisen (Sn, Ta); 9 rare metal pegmatites (Ta, Nb, Be, Li, etc.); 10—greisen-quartz-vein (Sn, W); 11—quartz vein tin (Sn, W); 12—tungsten; 13—gold ore deposits. Metallogenic zones (I—Beloubinsko-Sarymsaktinskaya; II—Rudy Altai; III—Irtysh; IV—Kalba-Narym; V—West-Kalba; VI—Charsk; VII—Zharma-Saurs; VIII—Syrektas-Sarsazan). Deposits of the Kalba-Narym zone: 1—quartz; 2—Bakennoye; 3—Jubilee; 4—Belaya Gora; 5—Cherdoyak; 6—Karasu. Deposits of the West Kalba zone: 1—Kazanchunchur; 2—Kuludjun; 3—Layla; 4—Kystav-Kurchum; 5—Maralikha; 6—Maykapchagay; 7—Alkabek;

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*The Bakyrchik deposit* is the largest world-level object of the "black shale type" represented by zones of gold-arsenic-carbon mineralization and vein silicification [3, 11, 12]. Depositions of molasses, limnic formations (Buconian suite C2–3) which are subject to intense dynamometamorphic and hydrothermal-metasomatic changes in the zone of latitudinal Kyzylovskiy deep

Mukur) and (7) gold-placer (West Kalba, the South Altai).

fault (overthrust) are ore-bearing (**Figure 9**).

8—Manka.

Such a regional position of the gold belt allows us to reevaluate the prospects of Semipalatinsk Priirtyshye to identify gold deposits under the cover of loose sediments of the Kulunda depression (**Figure 8**).

**Figure 7.** Scheme of placement of rare metal and gold-ore belts. 1—The boundaries of the Greater Altai and 2 metallogenic zones; 3—Irtysh crush zone; 4—East Kazakhstan gold ore, and 5—Kalba-Narym rare metal belt; 6 rare metal ore regions (1—Shulbinsk; 2—North-West-Kalba; 3—Central-Kalba; 4—Narym); (7) gold ore regions (1—Mukursky; 2—Bakyrchik; 3—Kuludjun; 4, South Altai); (8–13) types of deposits: 8—albitite-greisen (Sn, Ta); 9 rare metal pegmatites (Ta, Nb, Be, Li, etc.); 10—greisen-quartz-vein (Sn, W); 11—quartz vein tin (Sn, W); 12—tungsten; 13—gold ore deposits. Metallogenic zones (I—Beloubinsko-Sarymsaktinskaya; II—Rudy Altai; III—Irtysh; IV—Kalba-Narym; V—West-Kalba; VI—Charsk; VII—Zharma-Saurs; VIII—Syrektas-Sarsazan). Deposits of the Kalba-Narym zone: 1—quartz; 2—Bakennoye; 3—Jubilee; 4—Belaya Gora; 5—Cherdoyak; 6—Karasu. Deposits of the West Kalba zone: 1—Kazanchunchur; 2—Kuludjun; 3—Layla; 4—Kystav-Kurchum; 5—Maralikha; 6—Maykapchagay; 7—Alkabek; 8—Manka.

The system of diagonal deep faults in the west-north-west direction (West Kalbinsky, Charskiy, Terektinsky and Baiguzin-Bulaksky) had ore-controlling importance along which the belts of the near-fault small intrusions and dikes of the gabbro-diorite-granodiorite-plagio-

**Figure 6.** Location of Zaisan suture zone. 1—Borders of Greater Altai and 2—borders of metallogeny zones; 3— Caledonian, and 4 and 5—Hercynian structures; 6—Azaisansky suture; 7—protrusion of hyperbasites; 8—dikes and 9—dubalkalic granitoids; 10 to 12—Cr, Au, Hg deposits. Metallogenic zones (I—Beloubinsko-Sarymsaktinskaya, II—Rudno-Altaiskaya, III—Irtysh-Fyunskaya, IV—Kalba-Narym, V—West-Kalba, VI—Charsko-Zimunaiskaya, VII—

It was here that, at the junction of continental margins in a collision geodynamic situation, favorable conditions were created for the formation of gold-bearing structures and deposits (Zapadno-Kalkinskaya, Zhanan-Boko-Zaisanskaya, Yuzhnoaltaiskaya and other ore zones), which, according to geological and geophysical data, frame the Charko-Gornostaevsky uplift from the northeast and southwest).The patterns of formation and the criteria for predicting gold ore deposits in the region under study (geotectonic, geological-structural, magmatic, mineralogical-geochemical and others) have been considered in a number of publications [11, 12]. One of the main regularities is belt placement of ore zones and gold ore objects which we unite into a large East Kazakhstan gold belt of regional ranks [1]. The arc belt has a considerable length (length of about 800 km with a width of 40–60 km), and in the northwestern flank, it has a gateway in the meridional direction and is covered with loose sediments in Kulunda depression; in the southeast, it is intersected by rare-metal granites of the Kalba-Narym pluton and it further penetrates into the territory of the Southern Altai and is

Such a regional position of the gold belt allows us to reevaluate the prospects of Semipalatinsk Priirtyshye to identify gold deposits under the cover of loose sediments of the Kulunda

) in association with ore-bearing fluid flows were formed.

granite series (С2–3-С<sup>3</sup>

Zharma-Saurs, VIII—Syrektas-Sarsazan).

76 Tectonics - Problems of Regional Settings

traced to China (**Figure 7**).

depression (**Figure 8**).

An important ore-petrological criterion is determined in establishing paragenetic connection of gold with small intrusions and dikes of Kunushsky complex C3 and its analogues (Saldyrminsky and Katoy complexes). The leading geological and industrial types of gold deposits are: (1) gold-listenitic (Maralakha deposit); (2) gold-sulfide (Suzdalskoe, Mirage, etc.); (3) gold-quartz (Kuludzhun, Sentash, Kystav-Kurchum); (4) gold-quartz beresit (Baladzhal, Manka); (5) gold-arsenic-carbonaceous (Bakyrchik, Bolshevik); (6) crust weathering (Zhanan, Mukur) and (7) gold-placer (West Kalba, the South Altai).

*The Bakyrchik deposit* is the largest world-level object of the "black shale type" represented by zones of gold-arsenic-carbon mineralization and vein silicification [3, 11, 12]. Depositions of molasses, limnic formations (Buconian suite C2–3) which are subject to intense dynamometamorphic and hydrothermal-metasomatic changes in the zone of latitudinal Kyzylovskiy deep fault (overthrust) are ore-bearing (**Figure 9**).

**Figure 8.** Forecast-metallogenic scheme of Semipalatinsk Priirtysh. 1—Precambrian hyperbasite formation; 2 to 4 volcano-plutonic trachybasal-trachyriolithic formation T1? (2—trachybasalt-trachyriolithic; 3—gabbro-monzonite; 4—granosyenite-granite-porphyry subformation; semeitauskaya series); 5—boundary of metallogenic zones (I—West Kalba; II—Charsk; III—Zharma-Saur); 6—boundary of ore zones (1—Mukur; 2—Shagan; 3—Mirage-Suzdal); 7 to 9 gold ore objects (7—deposits; 8—ore occurrences; and 9—mineralization points); 10 to 11—prospective areas (10—high degree of prospects; 11—predictive).

(Bakennoye, Yubileynoye, Belaya Gora, etc.) were developed by Belogorsk mining and dressing plant in previous years, but at present they are mothballed. The main source of rare metals is deposits of rare metal pegmatite (Ta, Nb, Be, Li, Cs, Sn) genetically associated with the

**Figure 9.** Geological section of gold-sulfide deposit Bakyrchik through the central ore body (based on the materials of V. M. Yanovsky, Y.V. Chudikova). 1–3 carboniferous sediments: 1—conglomerates, gravelites; 2—sandstones; 3 carbonaceous siltstones and shales; 4—Kyzylovskaya zone of deep fault; 5—faults, tectonic cracks; 6—ore body; 7—

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Deep faults and feathering faults that functioned for a long period of time were of decisive importance in the location of the Kalba-Nyrym granitoid belt. The most magmatically submissive role of the northwestern deep faults is manifested in the late Herzinian post-collision (orogenic) stage of development. The Kalba-Narymsky and Terektinsky deep faults served as the largest magma guides. Granite intrusions which formed in a mobile geodynamic environment turned out to be the most ore-bearing; it contributed to more intensive ore formation processes in nonequilibrium PT—conditions and, ultimately, the formation of industrial deposits (Bakennoe, Ybileinoe, and so on). On the contrary, quieter tectonic conditions of crystallization of relatively inactive and viscous granite melts lead to dispersion of RE and poor ore content of granites (the massifs of Dubygaly, Sibinsky, and so on). On this basis, oremagmatic systems with different degrees of productivity were identified, ore-petrochemical typification of granitoids was performed and geological-genetic models of ore formation were

) [13].

constructed as the leading factors for forecasting new rare metal deposits [19].

Importance is attached to ore-controlling role of latitudinal deep faults of ancient deposits and long-term activation, especially at clusters at their intersection with northwestern, northeastern or meridional disjunctives (Gremyachinsko-Kiinsky, Asubulaksky, Belogorsky,

Thus, Asubulak latitudinal fault controls pegmatite field location in which two ore-bearing strips of sublatitudinal strike separated by a fault are distinguished: (1) Ungur (northern), including ore objects in Carmen-Kuus, Akkesen, Ungursai and Plachgor, and (2)

granites of the Kalbinsk complex (P<sup>1</sup>

diffuse sulfide mineralization.

Mirolyubovsky, and so on).

Ore bodies are represented by lenticular and ribbon-like deposits, stockworks of hydrothermally altered sedimentary rocks with veins and nests of metasomatic quartz and abundant dissemination of gold-bearing pyrite and arsenopyrite. Their thickness varies from 0.6 to 20 m, and gently sloping deposits are traced by a drop of 1700 m. The average gold content is 8–9 g/t. The Bakyrchik ore region retains high prospects for the increasing of forecast gold resources, which makes it possible to bring them to a number of world super-large objects.

**The Kalba-Narym belt** is the main rare-metal structure in East Kazakhstan. According to new geodynamic schemes, it is regarded as a foreign block of EC (terrain) which has become connected to the Greater Altai during the Hercynian collision (C<sup>1</sup> and later). Based on analysis and generalization of deep geophysical studies, it is assumed that the Kalba-Narym granitoid belt is located in the head part of a giant tectonic magmatic zone, steeply falling to the northeast under the Rudny Altai (to a depth of more than 100 km). The centers of magma formation originated, judging by the composition of the granite smelting, in a metagranite layer or on its boundary with metadiorite. The zones of transit heat-mass flows penetrated from the lower parts of the EC and the upper mantle through the system of deep faults.

The Kalba-Narym granitoid belt unites many deposits and ore occurrences of pegmatite, albit-greisen, greisen-quartz, and other ore-forming types. Well-known industrial deposits

**Figure 9.** Geological section of gold-sulfide deposit Bakyrchik through the central ore body (based on the materials of V. M. Yanovsky, Y.V. Chudikova). 1–3 carboniferous sediments: 1—conglomerates, gravelites; 2—sandstones; 3 carbonaceous siltstones and shales; 4—Kyzylovskaya zone of deep fault; 5—faults, tectonic cracks; 6—ore body; 7 diffuse sulfide mineralization.

(Bakennoye, Yubileynoye, Belaya Gora, etc.) were developed by Belogorsk mining and dressing plant in previous years, but at present they are mothballed. The main source of rare metals is deposits of rare metal pegmatite (Ta, Nb, Be, Li, Cs, Sn) genetically associated with the granites of the Kalbinsk complex (P<sup>1</sup> ) [13].

Deep faults and feathering faults that functioned for a long period of time were of decisive importance in the location of the Kalba-Nyrym granitoid belt. The most magmatically submissive role of the northwestern deep faults is manifested in the late Herzinian post-collision (orogenic) stage of development. The Kalba-Narymsky and Terektinsky deep faults served as the largest magma guides. Granite intrusions which formed in a mobile geodynamic environment turned out to be the most ore-bearing; it contributed to more intensive ore formation processes in nonequilibrium PT—conditions and, ultimately, the formation of industrial deposits (Bakennoe, Ybileinoe, and so on). On the contrary, quieter tectonic conditions of crystallization of relatively inactive and viscous granite melts lead to dispersion of RE and poor ore content of granites (the massifs of Dubygaly, Sibinsky, and so on). On this basis, oremagmatic systems with different degrees of productivity were identified, ore-petrochemical typification of granitoids was performed and geological-genetic models of ore formation were constructed as the leading factors for forecasting new rare metal deposits [19].

Ore bodies are represented by lenticular and ribbon-like deposits, stockworks of hydrothermally altered sedimentary rocks with veins and nests of metasomatic quartz and abundant dissemination of gold-bearing pyrite and arsenopyrite. Their thickness varies from 0.6 to 20 m, and gently sloping deposits are traced by a drop of 1700 m. The average gold content is 8–9 g/t. The Bakyrchik ore region retains high prospects for the increasing of forecast gold resources, which makes it possible to bring them to a number of world super-large objects.

**Figure 8.** Forecast-metallogenic scheme of Semipalatinsk Priirtysh. 1—Precambrian hyperbasite formation; 2 to 4 volcano-plutonic trachybasal-trachyriolithic formation T1? (2—trachybasalt-trachyriolithic; 3—gabbro-monzonite; 4—granosyenite-granite-porphyry subformation; semeitauskaya series); 5—boundary of metallogenic zones (I—West Kalba; II—Charsk; III—Zharma-Saur); 6—boundary of ore zones (1—Mukur; 2—Shagan; 3—Mirage-Suzdal); 7 to 9 gold ore objects (7—deposits; 8—ore occurrences; and 9—mineralization points); 10 to 11—prospective areas (10—high

**The Kalba-Narym belt** is the main rare-metal structure in East Kazakhstan. According to new geodynamic schemes, it is regarded as a foreign block of EC (terrain) which has become

and generalization of deep geophysical studies, it is assumed that the Kalba-Narym granitoid belt is located in the head part of a giant tectonic magmatic zone, steeply falling to the northeast under the Rudny Altai (to a depth of more than 100 km). The centers of magma formation originated, judging by the composition of the granite smelting, in a metagranite layer or on its boundary with metadiorite. The zones of transit heat-mass flows penetrated from the lower

The Kalba-Narym granitoid belt unites many deposits and ore occurrences of pegmatite, albit-greisen, greisen-quartz, and other ore-forming types. Well-known industrial deposits

and later). Based on analysis

connected to the Greater Altai during the Hercynian collision (C<sup>1</sup>

degree of prospects; 11—predictive).

78 Tectonics - Problems of Regional Settings

parts of the EC and the upper mantle through the system of deep faults.

Importance is attached to ore-controlling role of latitudinal deep faults of ancient deposits and long-term activation, especially at clusters at their intersection with northwestern, northeastern or meridional disjunctives (Gremyachinsko-Kiinsky, Asubulaksky, Belogorsky, Mirolyubovsky, and so on).

Thus, Asubulak latitudinal fault controls pegmatite field location in which two ore-bearing strips of sublatitudinal strike separated by a fault are distinguished: (1) Ungur (northern), including ore objects in Carmen-Kuus, Akkesen, Ungursai and Plachgor, and (2) Krasnokordonskaya (southern), uniting the Yubileynoye industrial deposit and ore occurrences in Red Cordon, Rock and Budo in 1.5 km increments.

**4. Discussion of results**

interlocked in the collision stage (C<sup>1</sup>

**5. Conclusion**

Cardinal changes in views on the Earth development and world geological science have occurred in recent years on the basis of provisions of modern geotectonic hypotheses (new global tectonics, tectonics of lithospheric plates, terranean tectonics, plumectonics, and so on). Identification of regular relationships between cyclically directed self-development of geological structures and ore formation processes in certain geotectonic cycles and epochs is of fundamental importance [11]. Mineral and raw materials sector continues to be the basis of economies in many countries, but experts point to the depletion of the world's mineral resources. The most important task is to open new mineral deposits taking into account current trends in world geological science. This is of particular importance for East Kazakhstan region territory—a unique geological test site, where there is an urgent need to replenish ore

The considered territory of East Kazakhstan, located in the Central Asian mobile belt, is a unique geological providing ground that unites many deposits of ferrous, nonferrous, precious, rare metals and other minerals. For decades, accumulated large factual material on geology, tectonics and metallogeny has been traditionally tied up from the positions of classical geosynclinal hypothesis [22]. The Irtysh-Zaisan and Chingiz-Tarbagatai fold systems were distinguished here, including structural-formational zones, ore-bearing structures with their own set of geological and ore formations. In recent years, from the new theoretical positions, the main problematic issues of geodynamic and metallogenic development of geological structures have been considered in a trilogy "Big Altai" (BA) and a number of other publications [2, 3, 6, 20, 21, 23, 24]. Based on these studies results, the emergence and formation of large geological structures in Kazakhstan, Siberia, the Urals and other regions are associated with Eurasian continent disruption into individual slabs, geoblocks, massifs and detachments in the late Proterozoic that migrated and experienced complex development in the evolution of the Paleo-Asian ocean (Buslov, 2011; Geodynamics, 2007). According to paleomagnetic and geodynamic reconstructions, it is assumed that modern geological structures (the Rudnyi Altai, Kalba-Narymskaya, West-Kalbinsky Zones and others) are erratic masses of paleocontinents (Eastern Gondwana, etc.), possibly terranes, that drifted in the Paleo-Asiatic ocean and

reserves of deposits exploited by mining and metallurgical enterprises.


collided. Paleogeodynamic analysis of the BA structure formation was carried out from the Precambrian to the Cimmerian and Alpine cycles inclusive. As a result of a complex polycyclic development of tectonic magmatic processes and metallogeny in the region, a system of ore belts and metallogenic zones that unite many types of mineral deposits was formed.

On the basis of theoretical positions of mobilism, the BA represents a single system of parallel ore belts of regional ranks in the northwestern direction (Rudnoaltayskiy, Kalba-Narymsky, Zapadno-Kalkinsky and Zharma-Saursky) formed as a result of the Hercynian collision of Kazakhstan and Siberian lithospheric plates and the degradation of the Irtysh-Zaisan paleobasin (parts of the Paleo-Asiatic ocean). According to geological and geophysical data, the

) when Kazakhstan and Siberian lithospheric plates

Tectonics and Metallogeny of East Kazakhstan http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72745 81

Mirolyubovsky latitudinal long-term activation fault had a decisive role in distribution of tungsten-greisens and hydrothermalites of the same granite massif, in which the main ore bodies were localized in meridional discontinuities that cut across Kalbin granites and leucogranites of the monastirskiy complex. At the final stage of the Hercynian tectonic magmatic cycle, the Mirolyubovsky fault was transformed into a fault-shift with displacement of all intrusive formations and ore bodies with an amplitude of 3 km.

Favorable factors of ore formation include the multistage structure of the Kalba-Narym pluton in the form of alternating cross sections of granite plates and enclosing sedimentary rocks, which caused formation of structural traps and screens for pegmatite fields. Apical parts and above intrusive zones of granite massifs, their apophyses, hidden domes and tectonically weakened zones saturated with vein formations are the most promising for the concentration of rare metal mineralization. According to geological and geophysical data, the main ore sites and ore fields are spatially located in a thickened part of granite massifs, above the magmaticleading roots or along their periphery [4, 20].

**The Zharma-Saursky belt** was formed on the northeastern outskirts of the Kazakhstani massif, and it is characterized by complex geodynamic development and polycyclic metallogeny. It unites three metallogenic zones: Charskaya, Zharma-Saurskaya and Sariktas-Sarsazanskaya.

Charskaya zone is a structure of regional or planetary rank, and it has a long and complex history of development. Within its limits, the Charsko-Gornostaevsky ophiolite belt is distinguished which is fixed by separate fragmentary outcrops of Precambrian metamorphic rocks, protrusions of hyperbasites, thrust zones and serpentinite melange [2, 18, 21]. In the Precambrian cycle, the primary ores (Cr, Ni, Co, Cu) formed in the oceanic geodynamic environment are associated with the hyperbasite formation (Charsky complex, PR?). The ores belong to the hysteromagmatic chromium, magmatically liquation and hydrothermal coppercobalt-nickel formations.

Zharma-Saurskaya zone, located in the central part of the ore belt, developed under the influence of a deep mobile zone (DMZ), was characterized by an elevation of the upper mantle and a high-power metabasalt layer (24 km). The focal part of the DMZ was characterized by high magmatic saturation with a strong development of syncollision intrusions of gabbro-dioritegranodiorite-plagiogranite series (C<sup>1</sup> and C2–3) productive for copper-porphyry, sulfide copper-nickel and gold mineralization. Copper-porphyry type of mineralization is manifested in a volcano-plutonic belt of intrusions of Saursky complex C<sup>1</sup> (the Kyzylkain deposit in Saursky ore district) [3]. Maksut deposit is genetically associated with stratified intrusions and dikelike bodies of the late-collision activation stage, controlled by deep faults. Gold ore objects are associated with small intrusions and collision-type dikes (C<sup>3</sup> ) and are fixed by quartz-vein and stockwork zones (Ashaly, Daubai, Chang, and so on).

Syrektas-Sarsazan zone is a margin southwestern structure in Zharma-Saur, and it is bounded by Syrektas (East Tarbagatay) and Chingiz-Saur deep faults. It is characterized by a section of the EC of increased syality and copper-rare metal-rare earth specialization (Cu, Mo, W, Nb, Zr, TR) [3, 19].
