Contents

#### **Preface XI**



Preface

cinogenic potential.

pollution control.

exposure.

The development of cancer is a multistep process in which cells undergo metabolic and be‐ havioral changes, leading to continual unregulated proliferation of cancer cells. Substances that promote carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer, are known as carcinogens. Carcino‐ gens may promote the formation of cancer due to their ability to damage the genome or disruption of cellular metabolic processes. Substances can have different levels of cancercausing potential; therefore, the risk of developing cancer is dependent on several factors, including individual genetic background and the amount and duration of the exposure.

Consisting of five chapters, this book will examine the impacts of exposure to numerous known, probable, and possible carcinogens in regard to cancer and carcinogenesis. As sus‐ ceptibility to some of these substances can be notably prevalent in some instances, hopeful‐ ly, the topic-related review, research, and approaches presented within this book will enable further research as well as development and implementation of beneficial approaches.

The first chapter will examine the concerns regarding exposure to heavy metals, due to the evolving understanding of their role in the development of cancer. This chapter will high‐ light the research related to the impacts that heavy metals, such as aluminum, arsenic, beryl‐

The second chapter will examine in detail a number of different aspects of renal cancer with a focus on renal cell carcinomas. This chapter will also take a look at renal cancer from a toxicological point of view along with an in-depth examination of renal carcinogens. This chapter will also examine the different methods currently used to detect a compound's car‐

The third chapter will discuss a growing concern in modern-day society, the current situa‐ tion of air pollution, and exposure-related cancer risks. This chapter will provide a resultbased analysis by presenting the development of a portable environmental gas monitor for rapidly monitoring air pollution, which is able to provide scientific data for environmental

The fourth chapter will entail relevant review, research, and findings over selected cancercausing chemicals and various aspects concerning cancer along with research over mecha‐ nisms of carcinogenesis, genotoxic classification, and risk factors associated with substance

The fifth and final chapter will elaborate on some of the available literature related to two lesser discussed etiologies of cancer, emotional and psychological stress and cell phones, if

> **Faik Atroshi, PhD, MSc, Lic, Doc** University of Helsinki, Finland

any links exist between these, and related issues as per different sites of cancers.

lium, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, and radium, have on human health.
