3.1.1. Factors influencing human robot social interaction

Significant efforts are being made to model HRI with the objective to inculcate social intelligence in robots. Some suggest modeling of human behaviors and cognition as a sequence of instructions which are pre-programmed into the robots while the other approach is to imitate human behaviors and learn from interactions. Irrespective of the approach selected for designing a social HRI model, several common factors play vital role in shaping it and thus should be given due consideration.

#### 3.1.1.1. Robot autonomy

introduction of artificial emotions but the most popular ones are based on bio-inspired models that include ethology, structure and psychology [30]. As mentioned in the previous section, there are several ways in which a robot can be made to express its emotions. Robots are now equipped with LEDs, motors and actuators beneath a flexible artificial skin to mimic various primary and secondary emotions. Aside mechanical actuation, computer graphics and animation techniques can also be applied to project emotions. Aside from facial gestures, robots are being designed to display emotions by other non-verbal cues like sound tone and pitch and body movements. The main purpose of expressing emotions is to convey readable signals to human for providing feedback and giving insight about robots intended

Psychology defines personality as distinctive traits that distinguish an individual [31]. It is mainly the observers who define a person's personality. In terms of robots, five types of personalities are usually considered, i.e. Tool like, Pet or Creature, Cartoon, Artificial being and Human-like based on its morphology and functionality. According to studies [32], personality of a robot can also be determined based on its ability to interact, express emotions and react in a given situation. Much has been done to make a believable human replica, however our biological and psychological complexities are still not fully discovered or understood,

Human robot interaction (HRI) is an emerging research area, originating from the fast increasing integration of robots in our daily lives. In contrast to conventional human computer interaction models which usually involve interaction between users and a passive machine, human robot interaction is influenced by several factors. Researchers have tried to categorize HRI approaches. Goodrich and Schultz [33], divided HRI into two broad categories i.e. remote interaction and proximate interaction, based on the proximity level of both human and robot during interaction. According to Sheridan [34], HRI can be divided based on nature of application, i.e. tele-robots, tele-operators and social robots. HRI model for tele-robots mainly consists of human supervisory control of robots in performance of routine tasks. Such robots have limited capability of automation and rely on commands of their human supervisor. Telerobots are mostly used in assembly lines, packaging, mail sorting, offices, and hospitals. They are capable of sensing their environment and reporting back to a human operator. HRI model for tele-operators involves remote control of robots in challenged environments like space, air, terrestrial, and under water for non-routine tasks. Both of these interaction models are basically master–slave in nature. Interaction with social robots is different from that of tele-robots and tele-operators mainly because it perceives robots not just as slaves but as peer-to-peer

According to Dautenhahn [35], human robot social interaction approaches can be divided into three general categories, i.e. robot-centered approaches, human-centered approaches and

making it extremely difficult to project them into a robot.

3. Human robot interaction

10 Human-Robot Interaction - Theory and Application

plan of action.

collaborators.

3.1. Human robot social interaction

According to Beer et al. [36], HRI is greatly influenced by levels of robot autonomy (LORA). From tele-operators to humanoids, LORA influences the way in which humans and robots interact. Hence in order to model HRI, we must first identify the variables that influence and are influenced by robot autonomy.
