3.1.1.7. Social influence and roboethics

User acceptance is the most important element in the success of any technology. In case of social robots, demographics, psychology and comfort of the human participant must be kept in mind while designing the HRI model. Another issue in human interactions is their being abided by certain rules called "social norms". These social attitudes approve or disapprove social interactions. A violation of social standards is considered a failure of interaction in both cases of human-human and human-robot interaction [41]. Roboethics is a field which incorporates various aspects of communication and social sciences to chalk out norms of human robot interaction. Keeping these ethics in view, while designing a social HRI model is vital for its acceptance.

### 3.1.2. Assessment and evaluation methodologies

3.1.1.4. Social and situation awareness

12 Human-Robot Interaction - Theory and Application

3.1.1.5. Verbal and non-verbal communication

3.1.1.6. Cognitive or affective empathy

3.1.1.7. Social influence and roboethics

ingly.

appropriately.

acceptance.

An important aspect of day-to-day interaction is the ability to perceive and abstract information from the environment. This phenomenon is termed as situation awareness and it helps in decision making, planning and responding accordingly while interaction. By use of various sensors a robot can be designed to sense its surroundings or perceive emotional condition of its interacting partner. Based on this information it can create a goal oriented understanding of its environment and finally respond either based on past experience, mimicry or adaptation. Nevertheless it is not surprising that human robot interactions might fail when at times even human-human interactions do. Giuliani et al. [38], described two types of failures in HRI, i.e. social norm violations and technical failures. Any deviation from the social script or the usage of the wrong social signals (i.e. correct action execution but inappropriate for the given situation) due to incorrect judgment of the robot is usually considered as social norm violation. On the other hand if a robot judges the situation correctly and selects the appropriate action but

Interaction between two or more participants is usually termed as a dialog. Exchange of information is the prime objective of a dialog. When humans engage in a dialog, they usually rely on a variety of para-linguistic social cues (i.e. facial expressions and gestures, etc.) in addition to words. Research [39], has proven such non-verbal cues to be highly effective for controlling human robot dialog. However robot's inability to fully interpret speech signals (e.g. pitch and tone etc.) alone, for complete comprehension of human emotions during an interaction can cause interaction failure. Gestures, facial expression and body movements add extra clues for the robot to understand the mental state of the participant and respond accord-

Empathy plays a vital role in interactions among people. It must therefore be an important consideration in the case of social robots and their interactions with humans [40]. It covers both a robot's capacity to understand human mental state and its ability to respond to that state

User acceptance is the most important element in the success of any technology. In case of social robots, demographics, psychology and comfort of the human participant must be kept in mind while designing the HRI model. Another issue in human interactions is their being abided by certain rules called "social norms". These social attitudes approve or disapprove social interactions. A violation of social standards is considered a failure of interaction in both cases of human-human and human-robot interaction [41]. Roboethics is a field which incorporates various aspects of communication and social sciences to chalk out norms of human robot interaction. Keeping these ethics in view, while designing a social HRI model is vital for its

the action is poorly executed then this is termed as technical failure.

As social HRI is gaining attention of the research community, a growing need is occurring for strong and efficient methods of its assessment and evaluation. Currently most of the assessment and evaluation criterion used in HRI are adapted from HCI either per se or with slight modifications. According to Beer et al. [36], assessment methodologies for HRI can be commonly characterized as process-oriented, diagnostic approach, ongoing and continuous. Similarly the evaluation methodologies include product-oriented, judgmental approach, final and discrete evaluations. Once again the factors that model HRI also decide which assessing methodologies are most suitable for it. Assessments can however be carried out in combination as well. Beer et al. [36] grouped existing assessment methodologies into three basic groups i.e. Social models which mainly involve assessment of emulation of empathy during HRI; technology acceptance model (TAM) and similar methodologies which represent user acceptance; behavioral adaptation model. Both the assessment and evaluation methodologies can be objective (e.g. task success, dialog quality and dialog efficiency etc.) or subjective (UTAUT model, Godspeed questionnaire etc.). Existing evaluation methodologies on HRI can also be divided as primary and non-primary based on how (i.e. directly or indirectly) they evaluate the HRI model. Popular primary evaluation methodologies used for human studies HRI include methods like self-assessments and subjective evaluations, behavioral measurements,


psycho-physiological measures and task performance metrics. Strengths and weaknesses of these methods are summarized in Table 1.

Efforts have been done to outline some secondary methodologies like ease of classification, passive-social medium, numerical analysis of body movements and proximity theories for improved evaluation of HRI. Nevertheless due to the complexity of human robot social interaction researchers suggests the use of combination of more than one of the existing methodologies till empirical research can be mapped in theoretical concepts.
