*6.1.2. Long-distance travel behaviors*

**5.6. Re-analysis**

**travel behaviors**

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs [15], in terms of the connections between personal needs and external structure, the lowest levels of physiological needs and safety needs must be met first. Therefore, work stability and social security of the working holiday country were the primary factors in WHMs' country decision-making process. In addition, sightseeing resources have regional differences and are immovable, and hence they are often able to attract tourists. Moreover, the environment for language learning and the requirements for a working

WHMs' travel behavior can be explored on a spatial scale in order to analyze the effects of

In general, tourist activities mostly refer to long-distance travel behaviors. However, in daily life, there is still a general need for "recreational activities.*" Some WHMs pointed out that they would use their free time to engage in certain regular outdoor recreational activities, such as taking walks, taking photographs, cycling, having outings, dining out, and so on. Their goal was to relax. As stated by one participant, "In the afternoon, everyone might meet up for sightseeing nearby, cycle somewhere, or take photographs nearby, or go out for a walk at night to enjoy a sky full of stars. To me, this was also having fun" (J3, 2014).* In addition, to some WHMs, going shopping was also a means to enjoy the novelty and exoticness of the shopping process. For example, one participant stated, *"At the beginning, even going to the supermarket was exciting. Visiting the supermarket was also very interesting to me" (J2, 2014).* Another participant also pointed out, *"I really liked visiting the local market to buy random things and to see different people, events, and things. If you integrate into their lives, you will have a different feeling" (C2, 2014).* In brief, the novelty of a foreign space induced the willingness of WHMs to engage in regular recreational activities and to expand their personal horizons. In addition, cultural experience activities not only enabled WHMs to effectively integrate into local society but also interact with local residents; it would enable them to gain deeper experiences of the local culture and lifestyle. For example, concerning the experiences of local customs, one participant said, *"Once, I was a guest at a Japanese household. Since it was New Year's, we worshiped in a shrine, offered coins, drew lots, and pulled the bell ropes for happiness" (J3, 2014).* Another WHM, who traveled to Canada, mentioned, *"I was very happy to spend Thanksgiving at my friend's house, and we ate a turkey dinner. I was finally able to experience the foreigner feeling" (C4, 2014).* Thus, we can see that participating in the local customs and festivals provided WHMs with a deeper tourist experience. Furthermore, social gatherings were the most common recreational activities among WHMs. As there was no need for a fixed time, place, or form, they could easily meet backpackers from

holiday visa were also important driving forces for participation in working holidays.

**6. Analysis of the spatial range and influencing factors of** 

personal subjective factors and external objective factors.

**6.1. Analysis of spatial range of travel behavior**

82 Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries

*6.1.1. Short-distance travel behavior*

Due to geographical and historical differences, the sightseeing resources of each country have differing levels of attractiveness. This provided WHMs with diverse opportunities for tourist activities such as sightseeing in unique natural attractions and participation in festivals or themed activities. Special attractions include terrain, climate, ecology, and cultural landscapes, for example, special surface types and structures, unique wildlife, and cultural and historical landscapes. As mentioned by one participant, *"We visited a place called Mount Rainier. The glaciers were extremely beautiful. There was glacial terrain as far as the eye could see" (C4, 2014).* Another participant also stated, *"We climbed Uluru. It changes color under sunlight at different times, so it was not surprising that it is known as a holy mountain to the locals" (A1, 2014)*. Aside from personally witnessing these natural landscapes that cannot be found in Taiwan, WHMs also stressed that coming into close contact with wildlife was a rare tourist experience, for instance, being able to see polar bears, elks, and brown bears in person. As stated by one participant, *"At the entrance of the tourist center, I saw a brown bear, and it was very large. It was standing right next to you when you passed by. It was very exciting" (C2, 2014).* Another participant, who went to Australia and was able to hold a koala and take photographs with kangaroos, mentioned, *"I even held a koala. I think we will not be able to do this in Taiwan! I had photographs taken with kangaroos as well. They were very tall" (A1, 2014).*

Special cultural and historical landscapes were also tourist attractions that attracted WHMs, including residences, shrines, ancient cities, canals, churches, and other tourist sites. As stated by one participant, *"Do you know a place called Gassho Village? They have many small wooden and thatched cottages. It was like a fairy tale. It was a World Heritage Site … There were also national treasures such as Matsumoto Castle and Torii. I visited a few interesting shrines" (J2, 2014).* Special festivals and themed activities also provided WHMs with opportunities for cultural experiences and diverse entertainment. They encourage WHMs to gain a deeper awareness and understanding of local history and culture. Hence, they are highly attractive and tourists often travel specifically to see them, for example, St. Patrick's Day in Canada and the Obon Festival in Japan. One participant mentioned, *"The Japanese Obon Festival is around August 15 every year, and they have the Bon dance. I was dressed up as a girl. It was a very interesting experience, which I will never forget" (J3, 2014).*

In addition, if WHMs are interested in sports activities, they would specially arrange to attend important sporting events, such as the Australian Open tennis tournament, Canadian ice hockey, American professional basketball games, and so on. As stated by one participant, *"My dream was to see the Australian Open and I really went! I quite like tennis, and seeing it live is*  *not the same as seeing it on the television" (A1, 2014)*. Another participant also mentioned, *"For those who play basketball, when they come here (North America), they must see the NBA. The games make you high" (C2, 2014).*

#### *6.1.3. Re-analysis*

The spatial travel behaviors of WHMs are often restricted by the industry type and work patterns that they undertake. Thus, their travel behaviors show temporal and spatial differences, for example, regarding time allocation, job type, transportation, and other factors; hence, they exhibit a variety of patterns. This echoes the concept of time geography proposed by Hägerstraand [11], which emphasizes the temporal factors of human activities in space. Humans are influenced by multiple structural factors, which restrict the extent of their living in geographical space [11].
