**5. Conclusions**

84 Environmental Monitoring

37amu

**20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200**

*m/z*

95amu

79amu

Fig. 19. The total mass scans of VOCs inside the stack measured with PTR-MS

August 9,2010

**0.00E+000**

**2010-7-6**

**0.0**

**2.0x10 -3**

**4.0x10 -3**

**6.0x10 -3**

Emission

rate(kg/h)

**8.0x10 -3**

**1.0x10 -2**

**1.2x10 -2**

**1.4x10 -2**

**1.6x10 -2**

**19:00:<sup>00</sup>**

**2010-7-<sup>19</sup>** **7:00:<sup>00</sup>**

**19:00:<sup>00</sup>**

**2010-8-<sup>13</sup>** **7:00:<sup>00</sup>**

**19:00:<sup>00</sup>**

**2010-9-7** **7:00:<sup>00</sup>**

**19:00:<sup>00</sup>**

**2010-10-2** **7:00:<sup>00</sup>**

**2010-9-<sup>19</sup>**

**2010-8-2<sup>5</sup>**

Fig. 20. On-line monitoring results of the VOCs emission rate measured with PTR-MS

**2010-7-3<sup>1</sup>**

 33amu 45amu 59amu 79amu 95amu

**1.00E-013**

**2.00E-013**

**3.00E-013**

**4.00E-013**

**Ion intensity (Amps)**

**5.00E-013**

**6.00E-013**

33amu

**7.00E-013**

**8.00E-013**

In conclusion, based on TDLAS, PTR-MS and OSCC techniques we have developed a system to monitor a number of industrial hazard gas emissions. However, it should point out here, the measurement results for on-line monitoring the gross of industrial emissions reported here are still in the early stage. Many further works need to be done and will be published in the future. For instance, we have developed a new complex theory based on path-weighted function and the averaged gas flow velocity to calculate the total emissions with the help of gas concentration measurements, however since nowadays there are no any instruments available to certify the measurement accuracy. Therefore in this chapter the common method for calculation of total emissions is still used.

### **6. Acknowledgement**

The authors acknowledge the financial support from the National High-tech Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2007AA06Z420).

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**6** 

*Thailand* 

Chakkaphan Sutthirat1, 2

*(NCE-EHWM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok,* 

**Geochemical Application for Environmental** 

*1Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 2Center of Excellence for Environmental and Hazardous Waste Management* 

Metal mines have been increasing continuously due to high growth rate of population and rapid development of industry throughout the world. Various kinds of metal ores are supplied into industries. Precious metals such as gold, platinum and silver have been utilized for ornamental purposes due to their beauty, rarity and durability whereas industrial ores are demanded by many sectors. These ores usually occur in different geological conditions which lead to diversity of depositional characteristics. Multiple elements occur naturally in the same mineral deposits; some of these elements, particularly heavy metals, may in turn have potential impact to the environment. Therefore, heavy metals are the most crucial aspects for toxicity. However, these metals have several chemical

Moreover, Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is another environmental concern. AMD appears to have been accelerated during mining processes when metal sulfides in mineralized rocks and solid wastes are exposed to oxygen and water allowing rapid oxidizing reaction. Oxidation of metal sulfide has potential to produce sulfate which may turn into sulfuric acid. Subsequently, it may be dissolved by rain and leading to acidity drainage. AMD can also cause heavy metal leaching from waste rock and tailings; consequently, some toxic metals (e.g., lead, zinc, copper, arsenic, selenium, mercury and cadmium) may contaminate runoff and groundwater. AMD with high metal concentrations may in turn yield severe toxicological effects on aquatic ecosystems. Biota will be affected primarily and subsequently toxic levels would be increased through food chain. Although, some heavy metals such as copper and zinc are required with small quantities for normal metabolism, their high concentrations become toxic and can cause malfunctioning of human organs. Geochemical exploration has been carried out by mining geologists for investigation and evaluation of mineral deposit, metal ore in particular. It can also be applied to environmental impact assessments and monitoring. Moreover, mineralogical and chemical characteristics are one among many scientific tools that will lead to identification of potential sources of such problems. Appropriate prevention and mining plans can be designed based on these data. Unfortunately, most mining geologists always apply geochemistry for exploration and mining without concern of environmental impacts; on the other hand, most environmental scientists have little knowledge on geology and mining

binding forms which just a few forms appear to contaminate environment.

**1. Introduction** 

**Monitoring and Metal Mining Management** 

molecule reaction mass spectrometry. *Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis*, *50*, 252-256.

