**6. References**


This study involved the establishment of an index using multiple elements, which is in the early phase of development for use in biological monitoring. Of course, a detailed study using the index is necessary in order to increase our understanding of contamination of wildlife with multiple elements. However, interestingly, the survey revealed that a similar index could be obtained, despite the investigation of multiple elements. Further, the difference between the degree of contamination by multiple elements in dabbling ducks and in diving ducks was clarified using this index. These results suggest that an understanding of the equilibrium among elements in the animal body is important for the investigation of

The study of Cd indexes was supported by Grant-in-Aid no. 20580344 from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture, Japan. The study of the index for multiple elements was supported by River Fund in charge of the Foundation of River and Watershed Environment Management (FOREM), Japan (Nr. 22-1215-016). The pilot study of factor analysis was presented at the 35th Annual Meeting of Japanese Avian Endocrinology in Okayama Prefecture. The attendance of students at this meeting was supported by Lion

Colborn, T., Dumanoski, D. & Myers, J.P. (1996). *Our stolen future: Are we threatening our* 

Friberg, L., Piscator, M., Nordberg, G. F. & Kjellström, T. (1974). Cadmium in the

Harding, L.E., Harris, M.L. & Elliott, J.E. (1998). Heavy and trace metals in wild mink

Helander, B., Axelsson, J., Borg, H., Holm, K. & Bignert, A. (2009). Ingestion of lead from

Kaneda H (1996). Greater scaup, In: *The encyclopedia of animals in Japan, volume 3, birds 1*, H.

Kadoi, K., Mochizuki, M., Ochiai, Y., Takano, T., Hondo, R. & Ueda, F. (2009). The effects of

Krimsky, S. (2000). *Hormonal chaos*, trans. into Japanese: Fujiwara shoten, the translation

Publishers, ISBN4-582-54553-X, Tokyo, Japan

*Veterinary Science*, Utsunomiya, Japan

English Agency Ltd. ISBN 9784894342491

*fertility, intelligence, and survival? -a scientific detective story*, Spieler Agency, New York, USA. (trans. into Japanese, Nagao, T. Syoeisya, Tokyo,). ISBN 978-4881359853

environment. CRC press, Ohio, USA, 1974, pp.1-400 (trans. into Japanese, Ishiyaku

(*Mustela vison*) and river otter (*Lontra canadensis*) captured on rivers receiving metals. *Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,* Vol. 61, No.5, pp.600-

ammunition and lead concentrations in white-tailed sea eagles (*Haliaeetus albicilla*) in Sweden. *Science of Total E*nvironment*,*Vol. 407, No. 21, pp. 5555-5563, ISSN 0048-

Higuchi, H. Morioka & S. Yamagishi S (Eds.), 78 (in Japanese), Heibonsya Limited,

cadmium on DNA of *Listeria monocytogenes*, *The 147th meeting of Japanese Society of* 

published by arrangement with the Johns Hopkins University Press through The

**4. Conclusion** 

contamination by multiple elements.

**5. Acknowledgement** 

Trading Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.

Publisher)

9697

607, ISSN 0007-4861

**6. References** 


**11** 

*USA* 

**Public Involvement as an Element in** 

*1Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Desert Research Institute,* 

*2Office of Legacy Management, United States Department of Energy,* 

William T. Hartwell1 and David S. Shafer2

*Nevada System of Higher Education* 

**Designing Environmental Monitoring Programs** 

The monitoring of various environmental parameters may occur for a wide variety of reasons in numerous venues and at scales both large and small. Significant advances in the realms of data collection and communication technologies, as well as advances in remote sensing, have resulted in the ability to collect, transmit, analyze, manage, and disseminate environmental monitoring data at a scale little imagined only a couple of decades ago. These advances have also significantly increased the opportunities and means by which the public

Some types of environmental monitoring may be targeted at short and long-term observations of changes in ecological systems that are the result of natural processes and their effects, and do not come under significant public scrutiny. However, quite the opposite is true for monitoring of potential effects of various anthropogenic media, especially with regards to their impact on the safety and health of human receptors and associated ecosystems. Members of the public may view the results of such monitoring with suspicion, especially if collected by government agencies or other organizations that could be perceived as having either caused a situation which requires monitoring, or who have a vested interest in the results of the monitoring. Suspicion among the public about radiation monitoring was a major contributing factor to how the "Community Environmental Monitoring Program," discussed later in this chapter, was designed. However, even monitoring of natural phenomena can have critics. Challenges exist in involving the public in environmental monitoring for environmental changes that may be a result of global issues such as climate change (IceWatch Canada and Project BudBurst are described in this chapter if the issues are viewed by some members of the public as being of ideological or political creation. Alternatively, with issues such as climate change, some people feel that the problems are so big that their contributions in measuring the effects of it, or reducing

activities that contribute to it, will make no difference (e.g., Norgaard 2006).

Members of the public are often more than willing to participate in environmental monitoring, particularly when they and their own communities have a personal stake in the results or when the monitoring process itself provides tangible benefits. However, sometimes the public does not immediately accept the notion that a monitoring program will have benefits. In fact, there are examples where they have, at least initially, concluded that it would have only

**1. Introduction** 

can contribute to environmental monitoring.

