**8. References**

Changul C.; Sutthirat C.; Padmanahban G. & Tongcumpou C. (2010a) Assessing the acidic potential of waste rock in the Akara gold mining, Thailand, *Journal of Environmental Earth Science*, Vol. 60, pp.1065-1071

Solid mining wastes including host rocks and tailings must be managed during the whole period of operation. Some of them can be utilized for construction and other activities; however, some of them may also cause severe environmental impacts. Moreover, unexpected occasions can be happened individually even routine monitoring program has been carried out during all time of the operation. Therefore, all concerns must be taken into account since mining plan is developed initially. All mining wastes generated from each step of operation should be tested and put into the long term monitoring plans. Besides, all types of top soil and host rock must be sampled systematically for analyses of AMD and heavy metals prior to waste categorization and placement design. Dealing with natural materials, both rock and top soil in this case, variety of chemical composition may lead to complexity. Many of these chemicals are stable and unable to leaching out; however, just in case of some leachable form exiting, it may turn to harmfulness and difficulty of operation. Protection and prevention should therefore be planned well to keep mining operation

Regarding to rock waste and top soil, both AMD and heavy metal have become the most concerns for mining and environmental management. Some materials are unlikely to cause AMD but they contain high amounts of heavy metals that seem to be well leachable. These materials must be placed away from AMD potential wastes. Otherwise, mixing up of both types can threaten the surrounding area leading to widely land contamination. Neutralizer should be provided during the placement process. Limestone has been used as natural neutralizer which is easy to find and quite cheap. Liners should also be provided particularly for waste materials trending to have potentials of acid generation and/or heavy metal contaminants. Both natural and artificial materials can be used in individual cases, based on nature of the site and characteristics of mining waste. Cares must be taken very well during operation as well as monitoring program must be carried out regularly. It would also be notified that unexpected events can occur all the time; therefore, detailed investigations have to be initiated anytime whenever unusual signature is reveled either by

The author would like to thank all staff member of Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University for their support. Dr. Chulalak Changul had been helping and providing information earned from her PhD thesis research. This book chapter is a part of work initiated by a research group named as Risk Assessment and Site Remediation (RASR) which has been supported by the Center of Excellence for Environmental and Hazardous Waste Management (NCE-EHWM), Chulalongkorn University. Moreover, this work was partly supported by the Higher Education Research Promotion and National Research University Project of Thailand, Office of the Higher Education Commission (project code

Changul C.; Sutthirat C.; Padmanahban G. & Tongcumpou C. (2010a) Assessing the acidic

potential of waste rock in the Akara gold mining, Thailand, *Journal of Environmental* 

**6. Conclusions** 

moving smoothly and clearly to be inspected.

regular monitoring or accident finding.

*Earth Science*, Vol. 60, pp.1065-1071

**7. Acknowledgements** 

CC1000A).

**8. References** 


**7** 

**Determination of Fluoride and** 

**Chloride Contents in Drinking** 

Amra Bratovcic and Amra Odobasic *University of Tuzla, Faculty of Technology,* 

*Bosnia and Herzegovina* 

**Water by Ion Selective Electrode** 

The fluoride element is found in the environment and constitutes 0.06 – 0.09 % of the earth's crust. Fluoride is not found naturally in the air in large quantities. Average concentration of fluoride in air are in the magnitude of 0.5 ng/m3.[1] Fluoride is found more frequently in different sources of water but with higher concentrations in groundwater due to the presence of fluoride-bearing minerals. Average fluoride concentrations in see water are approximately 1.3 mgL-1. Water is vitally important to every aspect of our lives. Water is a risk because of the possible input and transmission of infectious pathogens and parasitic diseases. We use clean water to drink, grow crops for food and operate factories. The most common pollutants in water are chemicals (pesticides, phenols, heavy metals and bacteria). [2] According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, there are 6 groups which cause contamination of drinking water: microorganisms, disinfectants, disinfection byproducts, inorganic chemicals, organic chemicals, radioactive substances. This chapter concerns the importance of continuously monitoring of fluoride and chloride in drinking water by using

Disinfectants that are added to reduce the number of microorganisms, as well as disinfection byproducts can cause a series of disorders in body (anaemia, impaired function of liver, kidneys, nervous system). Chemical disinfection is economically most favourable when it comes to processing large amounts of water, for the preparation of drinking water and wastewater treatment. That is why this type of disinfection is used almost exclusively in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Chlorine is one of the most widely used disinfectants. Water monitoring information helps us to control pollution level. In this context, our work concerns the determination of fluoride in spring waters from different villages in Tuzla's Canton in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and chloride in drinking tap water from Tuzla and Gradacac as well as one sample of bottled water. Spring water sample from "Tarevcica" is designed by SW1, from "Zatoca" by SW2, from "Sedam vrela" by SW3 and "Toplica" by SW4 while a tap water

from Tuzla by TW and tap water from Gradacac by GW and bottled water by FW.

The development of potentiometric ion-selective electrode has a wide range of applications in determining ions in water and other mediums. These electrodes are relatively free from interferences and provide a rapid, convenient and non-destructive means of quantitatively determining numerous important anions and cations. [3] The use of ion-selective electrodes

a fluoride (F-ISE) and chloride (Cl-ISE) ion-selective electrodes.

**1. Introduction** 

