**6. References**


The hyphenation of LOV-BI-MSFIA to gas chromatography is not as simple as it is for liquid chromatography. First, lower injection volumes are required and the analytes should be eluted in a solvent prone to fast vaporization. In fact, only one application has been described so far, where low values for limit of detection were attained through the automatic, on-line transfer of all eluate to a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector and a programmable temperature vaporization injector for determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in solid-waste leachates at the 2–100 ng L-1

MSFIA is undoubtedly a suitable automation tool for implementation of environmental analysis. Considering the examples presented here, the proof of concept has been given, shown by application to a large suite of species, comprehending nutrients and pollutants in several environmental matrices. The determination throughputs attained are suitable for most applications sought in environmental monitoring schemes and field deployment is possible for many of the MSFIA systems developed, as long as periodic reagent refilling is

Automation and integration of sample treatment to instrumental quantification of analytes was successfully demonstrated, profiting from the multichannel operation of MSFIA equipment. However, some unique features provided by MSFIA are underexploited for environmental analysis. Recent work regarding LOV-BI-MSFIA coupled to chromatography are still in its infancy and will certainly grow into more reliable, comprehensive analyzers

Financial support from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) through grant no. PEst-C/EQB/LA0006/2011 and by European Union through FEDER and QREN 2007- 2013 programs (project PTDC/AAC-AMB/104882/2008) is acknowledged. H.M. Oliveira

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**6. References** 

**4. Conclusions** 

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**18** 

*Ukraine* 

Nickolaj Starodub

**Photopolymerizable Materials in Biosensorics** 

The development of the effective methods for the biological material immobilization is the main problem of biosensorics. This process may be classified as including biological selective components into isolated phase which is separated from free solution but can exchange with its by molecules of substrate, effectors, inhibitors and others (Triven, 1983). The most often biological material is covalently bound with some insoluble polymer, linked together or with some inert protein. In all these cases it is obtained the non-soluble but active complex. It is realization of chemical approaches which have unfortunately a number of disadvantages and main among them is the lost of activity of biological materials (and often very much). Another set of methods is associated with the physical sorption of biological material on the transducer surface at the use of electrostatic or non-covalent mechanisms of binding. In this case, as a rule, the loss of biological material activity does not occur but for the providing a reliable binding there is necessary to complicate immobilization procedure. Application of poly-electrolytes as intermediate layer is the most productive way. From other side, biological material may be not directly bound to the some surface and can be kept inside of a special polymer or double phospholipids (liposomes). The choice of a particular method of immobilization is a very important moment in the development of biosensors and it must be based on taken into account of the following points: 1) what kind of chemical or physical-chemical reactions will be occurred on the surface; 2) molecules should kept the stability at the process of immobilization and during chip working; 3) chemicals for cross linking should interact with groups of biomolecules which are remote from their active centers; 4) if demands of point 3 can not be fulfilled the bifunctional reagents which are used for the linking should be as large as possible to penetrate to the active centers of biomolecules (for example, activated cellulose is more suitable than glutaraldehyde); 5) active sites must be protected, in particular, by substrates or glutathione, cysteine, papain or others reagents for blocking sulfhydryl groups with their reactivation in advance; 6) the procedure of washing of not-linked biomaterial should not effect negatively for immobilized one, especially, if there are subunit forms to prevent their dissociation; 7) what kind of physical and mechanical abilities may form immobilized material: thin layer, thick film, an amorphous structure, etc. If all these points are correspond to needed conditions the chosen method is well for the creation of biosensor.

**2. The application of polymers as immobilization matrix in biosensors** 

One among of simple and reliable approach for integration of the biomaterial (enzymes, antibodies, antigens, cells) in biosensors is based on the use of polymers (Rehman et al.,

**1. Introduction** 

*National University of Life and Environmental Sciences,* 

Serra, A.M.; Estela, J.M.; Coulomb, B.; Boudenne, J.L. & Cerdà, V. (2010). Solid Phase Extraction - Multisyringe Flow Injection System for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Selenium with 2,3-Diaminonaphthalene. *Talanta*, Vol.81, No.1-2, (Apr 2010), pp. 572-577, ISSN 0039-9140
