Contents

#### **Preface XI**

Chapter 1 **Biorational Insecticides and Diatomaceous Earth for Control Sustainability of Pest in Chickpea and Mexican Bean Weevil 1** Jacobo Enrique Cruz Ortega, Leopoldo Partida Ruvalcaba, Raymundo Medina López, Tomás Díaz Valdés, Teresa de Jesús


Velázquez Alcaraz and Felipe Ayala Tafoya


Preface

**Insecticides** are substances used to kill insects. They are used primarily in agriculture to control pests that infest crop. Nearly all insecticides have the potential to significantly alter ecosystems: many are toxic to humans and/or animals; some become concentrated as they spread along the food chain. The presence of these chemicals in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems has become an important issue globally. The book *Insecticides-Agriculture and Toxicology* provides information on the use of insecticides in pest management in order to enhance crop protection and their effects on nontarget organisms. The results of the efficacy of biorational insecticides on diatomaceous earth for the control of leaf miner in chickpea and Mexican bean weevil are reported; the chapter concluded with recommended dose of diatomaceous earth per kilogram of seed. The next chapter is from Protein Research Group on isolation and characterization of lectins from Colombian seeds of Fabaceae and Lamia‐ ceae plants. They have shown that lectins have a high potential as insecticide or insectistatic agents. Information on the impact of active ingredient on pest study on different commercial formulation of diazinon, acetamiprid, lambda-cyhalothrin, and imidacloprid insecticides in the control of important pests of apple is described in detail, and data are expressed clearly. One chapter is devoted to various health problems caused by insecticide exposure, and the use of protective clothing and equipment is obligatory from the manufacturing stage to the final application on pests. One chapter is on nanobased innovative nanoinsecticides, which have broad-spectrum pest protection efficiency, reducing water, soils, and environmental pollution in comparison with conventional insecticides. This chapter deals with the mode of action of nanostructured alumina and demonstrated that interaction of nanostructured alu‐ mina with insects' cuticle is the main insecticidal efficacy. Propesticides are important agro‐ chemicals with optimal efficacy and environmental safety. One chapter gives sufficient space to describe comprehensively the successful utilization of propesticides and their acti‐ vation processes and classification based on the type of pests. The last chapter is on acute toxicity of commonly used organophosphate insecticide, fenthion, to aquatic microorganism and marine algae. The effects of fenthion on chlorophyll pigments were observed, which can be used as a biomarker of toxicity. The quantitative structure activity relationships (QSARs)

were applied to compare observed and predicted toxicity results.

gy, and other related areas.

I hope that the components of this book will suffice the requirements of the researchers, sci‐ entists, and students from agriculture, agrochemicals, toxicology, aquatic toxicology, ecolo‐

**Dr. Ghousia Begum**

India

CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
