**Author details**

by other synthesis methods [74]; inferring that, it is expected that there are certain variations in its practical behavior, whether in its pattern of residues, biological behavior, or efficacy. Accordingly, in the pesticide registry and its establishment of maximum residue limits, it is suggested that information is submitted for the formulation to be registered, and, if a new formulation is to be introduced, it is suggested to carry out collaborative trials (even between different manufacturers) that previously demonstrate that the variations made in the new formulation will not change the pattern of residues [41]. The information generated in these

While the chemical industry posits that some formulations do not imply significant variations between them [74], there is a lot of confidential information that is not known to the end user, which prevents easily discriminating when variations are expected or when not. For the same reason, and because the effectiveness or protection periods may be severely affected by variations between formulations, further comparative inquiries are required to discriminate

Pesticide formulations would have a significant impact on the biological effect for the studied pesticides. Efficacy, knockdown effect and period of effectiveness protection can be affected by formulation of an insecticide. All these parameters are determinant in the design of an application program of insecticides, but in most cases are unknown by the user, the farmer, generating consequently that a greater number of applications are realized. This increases the

On the other hand, when insecticide residue can be affected by formulation (both in the initial deposit and in its persistence), other parameters inherent to the active ingredient and the capacity of detection and quantification of the measurement technique may be mediating the real importance that the formulation may have on the behavior of the residue. In this chapter, the formulation was determinant in the residual pattern of acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and diazinon, but not for l-cyhalothrin. Future complementary works may focus on considering other interaction between variables such as relevance of the type and concentration of coformulants; fruit growth stage; climatic conditions and spraying method; and fruit or vegetable species, since all of them dynamically seem to affect in some degree the behavior of the insecticide residue generated. This in turn suggests that in some cases the estimation of preharvest intervals calculated for certain active ingredients may be affected by the formulation used in

Therefore, when formulations of the same active ingredient are widely available, it is desirable to have independent declination curves of insecticide residue for at least those which differ drastically in type of coformulants or adjuvants and its concentration of active ingredient,

considering that there is a risk of significant variations in the behavior of the residue.

impact on the environment and likely the costs associated with pest management.

the baseline studies, generating the risk of an underestimation of that interval.

studies is not public.

58 Insecticides - Agriculture and Toxicology

**4. Conclusions**

between product profiles for pest control.

Karina Buzzetti

Address all correspondence to: karinabuzzetti@agridev.cl

Consultant Agri Development Ltd., Santiago, Chile
