Preface

**Insecticides** are substances used to kill insects. They are used primarily in agriculture to control pests that infest crop. Nearly all insecticides have the potential to significantly alter ecosystems: many are toxic to humans and/or animals; some become concentrated as they spread along the food chain. The presence of these chemicals in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems has become an important issue globally. The book *Insecticides-Agriculture and Toxicology* provides information on the use of insecticides in pest management in order to enhance crop protection and their effects on nontarget organisms. The results of the efficacy of biorational insecticides on diatomaceous earth for the control of leaf miner in chickpea and Mexican bean weevil are reported; the chapter concluded with recommended dose of diatomaceous earth per kilogram of seed. The next chapter is from Protein Research Group on isolation and characterization of lectins from Colombian seeds of Fabaceae and Lamia‐ ceae plants. They have shown that lectins have a high potential as insecticide or insectistatic agents. Information on the impact of active ingredient on pest study on different commercial formulation of diazinon, acetamiprid, lambda-cyhalothrin, and imidacloprid insecticides in the control of important pests of apple is described in detail, and data are expressed clearly. One chapter is devoted to various health problems caused by insecticide exposure, and the use of protective clothing and equipment is obligatory from the manufacturing stage to the final application on pests. One chapter is on nanobased innovative nanoinsecticides, which have broad-spectrum pest protection efficiency, reducing water, soils, and environmental pollution in comparison with conventional insecticides. This chapter deals with the mode of action of nanostructured alumina and demonstrated that interaction of nanostructured alu‐ mina with insects' cuticle is the main insecticidal efficacy. Propesticides are important agro‐ chemicals with optimal efficacy and environmental safety. One chapter gives sufficient space to describe comprehensively the successful utilization of propesticides and their acti‐ vation processes and classification based on the type of pests. The last chapter is on acute toxicity of commonly used organophosphate insecticide, fenthion, to aquatic microorganism and marine algae. The effects of fenthion on chlorophyll pigments were observed, which can be used as a biomarker of toxicity. The quantitative structure activity relationships (QSARs) were applied to compare observed and predicted toxicity results.

I hope that the components of this book will suffice the requirements of the researchers, sci‐ entists, and students from agriculture, agrochemicals, toxicology, aquatic toxicology, ecolo‐ gy, and other related areas.

> **Dr. Ghousia Begum** CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology India

**Chapter 1**

Provisional chapter

**Biorational Insecticides and Diatomaceous Earth for**

Biorational Insecticides and Diatomaceous Earth for

**Bean Weevil**

Bean Weevil

Felipe Ayala Tafoya

Abstract

ha<sup>1</sup>

Jacobo Enrique Cruz Ortega, Leopoldo Partida Ruvalcaba,

Jacobo Enrique Cruz Ortega, Leopoldo Partida Ruvalcaba,

Raymundo Medina López, Tomás Díaz Valdés,

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

production in 2012–2013 (1993.3 and 1806.8 kg ha<sup>1</sup>

The treatments did not inhibit seed germination.

Teresa de Jesús Velázquez Alcaraz and

Díaz Valdés, Teresa de Jesús Velázquez

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71534

Raymundo Medina López, Tomás

Alcaraz and Felipe Ayala Tafoya

**Control Sustainability of Pest in Chickpea and Mexican**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.71534

Control Sustainability of Pest in Chickpea and Mexican

Sustainability involving the conservation and/or enhancement of natural resources and environmental protection can be practiced with biorational insecticides or diatomaceous earth. Two researches were carried out; in one, the objective was to determine the efficacy of biorational insecticides in controlling chickpea leaf miner, Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, without completely inhibiting the presence of parasitoids of this pest. Biorational insecticides were chlorantraniliprole, cyromazine and spinosad, and conventional insecticide was chlorpyrifos, which were similarly effective to control adults and larvae of Liriomyza. Most chickpea

and chlorpyrifos were applied, respectively, and where spinosad and cyromazine were

the increased production was 1621.9 kg ha<sup>1</sup> with chlorantraniliprole and 1556.3 kg ha<sup>1</sup> with chlorpyrifos, significantly different from the absolute control that produced 1136.5 kg

. Earnings were MX\$ 21011.7 in 2012–2013 and MX\$ 16036.7 in 2013–2014 with chlorantraniliprole, while in the absolute control, earnings were MX\$ 12305.1 and MX\$ 11083.5. Chlorantraniliprole was the biorational insecticide that caused greater effect in the management of this pest of chickpea and crop yields. While in another research, the objective was to determine the efficacy of different doses of diatomaceous earth against Mexican bean weevil Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman. An experiment was carried out in two phases: in first, one tested diatomaceous earth at doses of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 g kg<sup>1</sup> of seed, with samples at 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after application (daa), while in the second, the doses were 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 g kg<sup>1</sup> and samples at 10, 20, 30, and 40 daa. The parameters evaluated were weevil mortality and seed germination. The results indicated that the doses from 0.8 to 5.0 g kg<sup>1</sup> of diatomaceous earth efficiently controlled the Mexican bean weevil.

> © The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

applied also exceeded the performance of absolute control (1213.6 kg ha<sup>1</sup>

) was obtained where chlorantraniliprole

). In 2013–2014,

Provisional chapter

### **Biorational Insecticides and Diatomaceous Earth for Control Sustainability of Pest in Chickpea and Mexican Bean Weevil** Biorational Insecticides and Diatomaceous Earth for Control Sustainability of Pest in Chickpea and Mexican

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.71534

Jacobo Enrique Cruz Ortega, Leopoldo Partida Ruvalcaba, Raymundo Medina López, Tomás Díaz Valdés, Teresa de Jesús Velázquez Alcaraz and Felipe Ayala Tafoya Jacobo Enrique Cruz Ortega, Leopoldo Partida Ruvalcaba, Raymundo Medina López, Tomás Díaz Valdés, Teresa de Jesús Velázquez

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Alcaraz and Felipe Ayala Tafoya

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71534 Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

#### Abstract

Bean Weevil

Sustainability involving the conservation and/or enhancement of natural resources and environmental protection can be practiced with biorational insecticides or diatomaceous earth. Two researches were carried out; in one, the objective was to determine the efficacy of biorational insecticides in controlling chickpea leaf miner, Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, without completely inhibiting the presence of parasitoids of this pest. Biorational insecticides were chlorantraniliprole, cyromazine and spinosad, and conventional insecticide was chlorpyrifos, which were similarly effective to control adults and larvae of Liriomyza. Most chickpea production in 2012–2013 (1993.3 and 1806.8 kg ha<sup>1</sup> ) was obtained where chlorantraniliprole and chlorpyrifos were applied, respectively, and where spinosad and cyromazine were applied also exceeded the performance of absolute control (1213.6 kg ha<sup>1</sup> ). In 2013–2014, the increased production was 1621.9 kg ha<sup>1</sup> with chlorantraniliprole and 1556.3 kg ha<sup>1</sup> with chlorpyrifos, significantly different from the absolute control that produced 1136.5 kg ha<sup>1</sup> . Earnings were MX\$ 21011.7 in 2012–2013 and MX\$ 16036.7 in 2013–2014 with chlorantraniliprole, while in the absolute control, earnings were MX\$ 12305.1 and MX\$ 11083.5. Chlorantraniliprole was the biorational insecticide that caused greater effect in the management of this pest of chickpea and crop yields. While in another research, the objective was to determine the efficacy of different doses of diatomaceous earth against Mexican bean weevil Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman. An experiment was carried out in two phases: in first, one tested diatomaceous earth at doses of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 g kg<sup>1</sup> of seed, with samples at 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after application (daa), while in the second, the doses were 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 g kg<sup>1</sup> and samples at 10, 20, 30, and 40 daa. The parameters evaluated were weevil mortality and seed germination. The results indicated that the doses from 0.8 to 5.0 g kg<sup>1</sup> of diatomaceous earth efficiently controlled the Mexican bean weevil. The treatments did not inhibit seed germination.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Keywords: Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, parasitoids, Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman, chickpea, beans

2. Biorational insecticides for control sustainability of leaf miner (Liriomyza sativae Blanchard) in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

temperature is 25�C. The soils of this region are predominantly clayey [16].

chlorantraniliprole + ethoxylated alkyl aryl phosphate ester (100 mL + 1.0 L ha�<sup>1</sup>

and leaf miner damage exceeded the economic threshold of 20% to the foliage [17].

Bacillus thuringiensis (80 g + 1 kg ha�<sup>1</sup>

Bacillus thuringiensis (80 g + 1 kg ha�<sup>1</sup>

This was done in each evaluation year.

Parrella [22].

for mean separation.

TX5, whose water expenditure was 208 L ha�<sup>1</sup>

The research on Liriomyza sativae Blanchard was performed by two experiments that were established in the experimental field of the Faculty of Agronomy of the Autonomous University of Sinaloa, located at 17.5 km of Culiacan-Eldorado road, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico, with coordinates 24� 48<sup>0</sup> 30<sup>00</sup> N, 107� 24<sup>0</sup> 30<sup>00</sup> W and 38.54 m. The climate of this region is very warm to semidry. Average annual rainfall varies from 500 to 700 mm. The average annual maximum

Biorational Insecticides and Diatomaceous Earth for Control Sustainability of Pest in Chickpea and Mexican…

The experiment design was randomized complete blocks with four replicates, where the experimental plot consisted of six furrows of 10 m long with 0.8 m distance from each other. The useful plot was the two central grooves minus 1 m from each end. The first planting took place on December 21, 2012 and the second planting on December 30, 2013, both manually with a density of 15 plants per linear meter. Five treatments were evaluated: three biorational insecticides:

conventional insecticide chlorpyrifos + ester ethoxylate alkyl aryl phosphate (1.5 L + 1.0 L ha�<sup>1</sup>

and absolute control (without application of insecticides), applying them on the foliage twice.

Two applications per cycle were performed on February 9 and March 16, 2013; 02 and 23 February, 2014 with a Maruyama motor pump with a capacity of 25 L, an output boom, and cone nozzle

Samples of live larvae and empty mines were carried out weekly on a leaf of 10 randomly selected plants. Of each useful plot, 100 leaves were collected and confined in 0.5-L plastic containers at room temperature. After 12 days, the adult miners and emerged parasitoids were separated and confined in glass flasks with 70% alcohol. For identification of the miner, the male abdomen was introduced into a 10% potassium hydroxide solution to soak the tissue for 10 minutes at 80�C and then washed with distilled water to remove the potassium hydroxide. With the preparation immersed in 70% alcohol, the cuticle and tissues were separated from the abdomen until the complete genitalia were cleaned and exposed [18]. With the help of codes and schemes of the male genitalia published by Spencer and Stegmaier [19] and Spencer and Steyskal [20] the taxonomic determination was made. Identification of the parasitoids emerged from the leaf samples was carried out using the keys of Wharton [21] for the genus of the Braconidae family, whereas for the genus of the Eulophidae family, the keys of La Salle and

To determine the percentage of damage, weekly damage and healthy leafs of three plants per repetition were counted, and the percentage of damage was calculated with a three rule simple modified. Harvest was performed when the culture reached its physiological maturity and the data were transformed to be analyzed with the statistical package SAS 9.1 [23] and then this showed significant differences that were submitted to Duncan's multiple range test with α = 0.05

), spinosad + sugar (416.6 mL + 2.08 kg ha�<sup>1</sup>

), spinosad + sugar (416.6 mL + 2.08 kg ha�<sup>1</sup>

. The insecticides were applied when the population

), cyromazine +

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71534

), cyromazine +

); one

);

3
