Preface

Computational methods have become an indispensable tool in the exploration and analysis of a wide range of physical phenomena. This book offers a detailed exposition of the various numerical methods used in engineering and science; while dealing with various fields and methods, the emphasis is given to the practical and application aspects of such methods. It is an attempt to give the profound background in numerical methods and computer simula‐ tion techniques.

This book also illustrates an overview of a broad spectrum of research in computational sci‐ ence and compiles the contents of numerical physics. The chapters focus on the research top‐ ics of mathematical modeling and numerical simulation of practical problems of engineering and physics. The diversity of chapters is from challenging physics problems, viz., quantum mechanics and nuclear reactions, to core engineering applications like vibrations, magneto‐ hydrodynamics, and nanotechnology.

This book will be extremely useful for practicing engineers, physicists, and graduate stu‐ dents of science and engineering. The chapters are arranged in such a way that the readers will be able to select the topics appropriate to their interest and need.

I would like to express my gratitude to all those who provided support, offered comments, and assisted in the editing and design. I would also like to thank my family, friends, and students who supported me in this journey of editing the book.

> **Dr. Srinivas P. Rao** Institute of Aeronautical Engineering Dundigal, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

**Section 1**

**Theory, Numerics and Applications**

**Theory, Numerics and Applications**

**Chapter 1**

**Provisional chapter**

**The Global Numerical Model of the Earth's Upper**

**The Global Numerical Model of the Earth's Upper** 

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.71139

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The global numerical first principle 3D model of the upper atmosphere (UAM) for the heights 60–100,000 km is presented. The physical continuity, motion, heat balance and electric potential equations for the neutral, ion and electron gases and their numerical solution method are described. The numerical grids, spatial and time integration steps are given together with the boundary and initial conditions and inputs. Testing and obtained geophysical results are given for many observed situations at various levels of

**Keywords:** global numerical model, UAM, equations, solution method, grid, integration steps, input, output, upper atmosphere, thermosphere, ionosphere, plasmasphere,

The upper atmosphere is a part of the gas envelope of the Earth. It is located from the height *h* ≈ 60km to several *RE* of the geocentric distance, where *RE* = 6371 km is the Earth's radius. It is characterized by a sharp transition from the predominance of the neutral particles to the charged particles.

The upper atmosphere is divided into several height regions depending on its gas composition and dominating physical process: the thermosphere (from ~80–90 km to ~400–800 km) and the exosphere (above ~400–800 km) in relation to the neutral particles; the ionosphere,

the plasmasphere and the magnetosphere in relation to the charged particles.

**Atmosphere**

**Atmosphere**

Prokhorov Boris

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

Namgaladze Aleksandr, Knyazeva Maria,

Namgaladze Aleksandr, Knyazeva Maria,

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

solar, geomagnetic and seismic activity.

magnetosphere, space weather, solar and geomagnetic activity

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Yurik Roman, Foerster Matthias and

Foerster Matthias and Prokhorov Boris

Karpov Mikhail, Zolotov Oleg, Martynenko Oleg, Yurik Roman,

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71139

Karpov Mikhail, Zolotov Oleg, Martynenko Oleg,

**Provisional chapter**
