Preface

**Section 3 On Application Aspects 125**

Elif Okutan

**VI** Contents

Chapter 8 **Fullerene as Spin Converter 127**

This book entitled *Fullerenes and Relative Materials*: *Properties and Applications* considers some aspects of the synthesis, structural, vibrational, tribology, optical, and nonlinear optical properties of the fullerenes and relative materials to some area of the applications. It consists of eight chapters including the introductory one. All chapters present the results of the unique properties of the materials studied in the different areas of their applications, includ‐ ing the general optoelectronics, solar energy and gas storage, laser and display, and biome‐ dicine. It is important for the education process and for civil and special device operations. The advanced idea, the special approach, and the information described in the current book will be fruitful for readers to find a sustainable solution in a fundamental study and in the technique. The book can be useful for students, postgraduate students, engineers, research‐ ers, and technical officers of optoelectronic universities and companies.

The editor of this book would like to thank all the authors of the chapters presented and to acknowledge the reviewers and all who have helped prepare this book. The editor would like to express gratitude to Mr. Slobodan Momcilovic, Publishing Process Manager, Inte‐ chOpen, Croatia, for his good and continued cooperation.

> **N. V. Kamanina, Dr.Sc., PhD** Head of the Lab for "Photophysics of media with nanoobjects" Vavilov State Optical Institute Saint Petersburg, Russia Professor at the St.-Petersburg Electrotechnical University ("LETI") Saint Petersburg, Russia

**Chapter 1**

**Provisional chapter**

**Introductory Chapter: Why the Study of Fullerenes is**

**Introductory Chapter: Why the Study of Fullerenes is** 

It is known that the use of the laser technique has been dramatically activated from the 1960's. Due to the reason that the lasers are operated at different spectral range and at different energy density (power), the scientists and engineers have had the task to find the novel materials to protect the human eyes and technical devices from high laser irradiation. Moreover, the modern solar energy, gas storage, and biomedicine elements have searched for the new

In this aspect, the science history and nature permits to resolve this task [1–7]. From David Jones experiments (1966) and E. Osawa calculations (1970); from E. Colder experiments (1984), and from H.W. Kroto, R.E. Smalley, R.F. Curl consideration (1985), the fullerenes have been discovered and have got their name on 1985. Indeed, it provokes the future investigation. Thus, the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been opened in 1991. Now, these nanostructures have an important advantage in the modification of the surface and the body of inorganic and organic materials.

The main reason to use the fullerenes is connected with their unique energy levels and high

transitions from the exited singlet or triplet states have the time in the pico- or femtosecond range. Thus, the study of the fullerene and relative systems dynamic in the nano-, pico-, and femtosecond regime is actual, and the investigation of the ionization and fragmentation of fullerenes with different approaches are important. Moreover, the fullerenes have the large value of the electron affinity energy close to 0.65–0.7 eV. That is larger than the one for most dyes and organic molecules *intra*molecular acceptor fragment. It can stimulate the efficient *inter*molecular charge transfer complex (CTC) formation in the fullerene-doped organic conjugated materials. Regarding the CNTs, it should be necessary to take into account the variety of charge


© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

transition has the time close to 1.2 ns, but the higher

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.74812

**so Important?**

**1. Introduction**

**so Important?**

Natalia Vladimirovna Kamanina

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74812

sensitizers with good advantage as well.

value of electron affinity energy. Only *S*<sup>1</sup>

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Natalia Vladimirovna KamaninaAdditional information is available at the end of the chapter

#### **Introductory Chapter: Why the Study of Fullerenes is so Important? Introductory Chapter: Why the Study of Fullerenes is so Important?**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.74812

Natalia Vladimirovna Kamanina Natalia Vladimirovna Kamanina

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74812
