**Author details**

Ernestina Mora Jiménez<sup>1</sup> , Francisco J. Tenorio1,2\*, David Alejandro Hernández-Velázquez<sup>1</sup> , Jaime Gustavo Rodríguez-Zavala<sup>1</sup> and Gregorio Guzmán-Ramírez<sup>3</sup>

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\*Address all correspondence to: ftenorio@culagos.udg.mx

1 Departamento de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, Centro Universitario de los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, México

2 Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México

3 Departamento de Ingenierías, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonalá, Jalisco, México

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Jaime Gustavo Rodríguez-Zavala<sup>1</sup>

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**Chapter 4**

**Provisional chapter**

N@C80

**Fullerene Dynamics with X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers**

Ultrafast and ultra-intense, short X-ray pulses from free-electron lasers (FELs) have opened up a new regime for all scientific research and for fullerenes in particular. FELs allow for the investigation of ultrafast nonlinear and multiphoton processes, as well as the exploration of the fragmentation dynamics of fullerenes. This chapter describes the FELs' attributes that enable new FEL-based investigations. In particular, we report on the X-ray ionization and fragmentation of C60 under high- and mid-fluence femtosecond pulses, from the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. We also describe the X-ray ionization and fragmentation with low-fluence X-ray pulses of

ties for future time-resolved dynamics research using pump-probe techniques.

FEL, LCLS, femtosecond, attosecond, X-rays, dynamics, pump probe, C60, Ho3

**Keywords:** fullerenes, photoionization, fragmentation, ions, photons, free-electron laser,

Fullerenes, which bridge the gap between molecules and nanoparticles, are ideal systems for investigating the dynamical behavior of extended systems when exposed to X-rays. Fullerenes and their derivatives, characterized by their hollow geometric structures and nanometersized outer diameter, draw a great deal of interest due to their wide range of applications and "supramolecular" physical and chemical properties [1]. Fullerenes have displayed molecular [2] and bulk [3] behavior and have proven to be an excellent testing ground for experiments

N@C80). We end our contribution by presenting opportuni-

**Fullerene Dynamics with X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.70769

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

This chapter, which is not a review, focuses on the interaction of intense lasers with fullerenes—and in particular, with X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs). After brief, general introductions on the interaction of fullerenes with strong laser fields using tabletop lasers and on

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.70769

the endohedral fullerene (Ho3

Nora Berrah

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

and theories [4].

Nora Berrah

**Provisional chapter**
