**7. References**

Abrantes, L. M.; Cordas, C. M.; Correia, J. P.; Montforts, F-P. & Wedel, M. (2000). Electropolymerization of pyrrole substituted metalloporphyrins-synthesis and characterization. *Portu. Electrochim. Acta,* Vol.18, No.1, pp. 3-12, ISSN 1647-1571

Polypyrrole Composites: Electrochemical Synthesis, Characterizations and Applications 149

Cervini, R.; Cheng Y.; & Simon, G. (2004). Solid-state Ru-dye solar cells using polypyrrole as a hole conductor. *J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.* Vol.37, No.1, pp. 13–20, ISSN 1361-6463 Chen, Ge; Wang, Z.; Yang, T.; Huang, D. & Xia, D. (2006). Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation of

Chipara, M.; Skomski, R. & Sellmyer. D. J. (2007). Electrodeposition and magnetic properties

Coutanceau, C.; Hourch, A. El; Crouigneau, P.; Leger, J. M. & Lamy, C. (1995). Conducting

Del Valle, M.A.; Diaz, F.R.; Bodini, M.E.; Pizarro, T.; & Córdova, R. *et al.* (1998)

Deronzier, A. & Moutet, J.C. (1996). Polypyrrole films containing metal complexes:

Diab, N. & Schuhmann W. (2001). Electropolymerized manganese porphyrin/polypyrrole

Diaz, A.F.; Kanazawa, K.K. & Gardini, G.P. (1979). Electrochemical polymerization of

Ding, K.; Jia, H.; Suying Wei, & Zhanhu Guo. (2011). Electrocatalysis of Sandwich-

Ding, K.Q. & Cheng, F.M. (2009). Cyclic voltammetrically prepared MnO2-PPy composite

Dong, S. & Liu, M. (1994). Preparation and properties of polypyrrole film doped with a

Fang, Y.; Liu, J.; Yu, D.J.; Wicksted J.P.; Kalkan, K.; Topal, C.O.; Flanders, B.N.; Wu, J. & Li, J.

Ferreira, C.A.; Domenech, S.C. & Lacaze, P.C. (2001). Synthesis and characterization of

medium. *Electrochim. Acta*, Vol.40, No.17, pp. 2739-48, ISSN 0013-4686 Cui, L.; Shen, J.; Chen, F.; Tao, Z. & Chen, J. (2011). SnO2 nanocomposites@polypyrrole

*Power Sources,* Vol.196, No.2, pp.2195-2201, ISSN 0378-7753

*Electrochem.*, Vol.28, No.9, pp. 943-946, ISSN 1572-8838.

pyrrole. *J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.,* No.14, pp. 635-636

*Met.*, Vol.159, No.19-20, pp. 2122-2127, ISSN 0379-6779

No.1-2, pp. 265-273, ISSN 0013-4686

No.2, pp.674-679, ISSN 0378-7753

49-56, ISSN 1572-8838

*Eng. Chem. Res.*, Vol.50, No.11, pp. 7077-7082

Index (U. S.) 1983, 83(17), 4213,

1520-5207

0013-4686

ISSN 0167-577X

Report (1983), (TR-31; Order No. AD-A127700), 22 pp. From: Gov. Rep. Announce.

4-Chlorophenol on the Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified by Composite Polypyrrole/Palladium Film. *J Phys. Chem. B*, Vol.110, No.10, pp. 4863-4868, ISSN

of polypyrrole–Fe nanocomposites. *Mater. Lett.*, Vol.61, No.11-12, pp. 2412-2415,

polymer electrodes modified by metal tetrasulfonated phthalocyanines: preparation and electrocatalytic behavior towards dioxygen reduction in acid

nanowires composite as anode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. *J.* 

Polythiophene, polyaniline and polypyrrole electrodes modified by electrodeposition of Pt and Pt+Pb for formic acid electrooxidation. *J. Appl.* 

syntheses and applications. *Coord.Chem. Rev.*, Vol.147, pp. 339-371, ISSN 0010-8545

films as catalytic surfaces for the oxidation of nitric oxide. *Electrochim. Acta*, 47,

Structured Pd/Polypyrrole/Pd Composites toward Formic Acid Oxidation. *Ind.* 

material and its electrocatalysis towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). *Synth.* 

Dawson-type heteropolyanion. *Electrochim. Acta,* Vol.39, No.7, pp. 947-51, ISSN

(2010). Self-supported supercapacitor membranes: Polypyrrole-coated carbon nanotube network enabled by pulsed electrodeposition. *J. Power Sources*, Vol.195,

polypyrrole/TiO2 composites on mild steel. *J. Appl. Electrochem.*, Vol.31, No.1, pp.


Ansari, R. (2006). Polypyrrole conducting electroactive polymers: Synthesis and stability studies. *E- Journal of Chemistry*, Vol.3, No.13, pp. 186-201, ISSN 0973-4945 Asavapiriyanont, S.; Chandler, G.K.; Gunawardena, G.A. & Pletcher, D. (1984). The

Ayad, M.M. & Zaki, E. (2009). Synthesis and characterization of silver-polypyrrole film composite. *Appl. Surf. Sci.* Vol.256, No.3, pp. 787-791, ISSN 0169-4332 Balaskas, A.C.; Kartsonakis, I.A.; Kordas, G.; Cabral, A.M.; Morais, P.J. (2011). Influence of

Bazzaoui, M.; Martins, J.I.; Bazzaoui, E.A.; Martins, L. & Machnikova, E. (2007). Sweet

metals. *Electrochim. Acta*, Vol.51, No.21, pp. 4516-4527, ISSN 0013-4686 Bazzaoui, M.; Martinsa, J.I.; Reis, T.C.; Bazzaoui, E.A.; Nunes, M.C. & Martins, L. (2005).

Becerik, I. & Kadirgan, F. (2001). Glucose sensitivity of platinum-based alloys incorporated

Bereket, G. & Hur, E. (2009). The corrosion protection of mild steel by single layered

Bereznev, S.; Kois, J.; Golovtsov, I.; Opik, A. & Mellikov, E. (2006). Electrodeposited (Cu–In–

Bereznev, S.; Konovalov, I.; Opik, A.; Kois, J. & Mellikov, E. (2005). Hybrid copper indium

Bouzek, K.; Mangold, K.M. & Juttner K. (2000). Platinum distribution and electrocatalytic

Bouzek, K.; Mangold, K.M. & Juttner K. (2001). Electrocatalytic activity of platinum

Bull, R.A.; Fan, F.R. & Bard, A.J. Polymer films on electrodes. 13. Incorporation of catalysts

*Energy Mater. Sol. Cells*, Vol.87, No.1-4, pp. 197–206, ISSN 0927-0248 Bose, C.S.C.; Rajeshwar, K. (1992). Efficient electrocatalyst assemblies for proton and oxygen

*Prog. Org. Coat.*, Vol.65, No.1, pp. 116-124, ISSN 0300-9440

Vol.177, No.1-2, pp.229-244. ISSN 1572-6657

9440

ISSN 0040-6090

ISSN 1379-6779

0040-6090

pp. 235-256, ISSN 1572-6657

Vol.31, No.5, pp.501-507, ISSN 1572-8838

670, ISSN 0013-4686

electrodeposition of polypyrrole films from aqueous solutions. *J. Electroanal. Chem.,*

the doping agent on the corrosion protection properties of polypyrrole grown on aluminium alloy 2024-T3 *Prog. Org. Coat.,* Vol.71, No.2, pp. 181-187, ISSN 0300-

aqueous solution for electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole part 1B: On copper and its alloys. *Electrochim. Acta,* Vol.52, No.11, pp. 3568–3581, ISSN 0013-4686 Bazzaoui, M.; Martins, J.I.; Costa, S.C.; Bazzaoui, E.A.; Reis, T.C. & Martins, L. (2006). Sweet

aqueous solution for electrochemical synthesis of polyrrole: Part 2. On ferrous

Electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole on ferrous and non-ferrous metals from sweet aqueous electrolytic medium. *Thin Solid Films,* Vol.485, No.1-2, pp. 155 – 159,

in polypyrrole films at neutral media. *Synth. Met.*, vol.124, No.2-3, pp. 379-384,

polypyrrole and multilayered polypyrrole/poly(5-amino-1-naphthol) coatings.

Se)/polypyrrole PV structures. *Thin Solid Films*, Vol.511–512, pp. 425–429, ISSN

disulfide/polypyrrole photovoltaic structures prepared by electrodeposition. *Sol.* 

reduction: the electrosynthesis and characterization of polypyrrole films containing nanodispersed platinum particles. *J. Electroanal. Chem.*, Vol. 333, No.1-2,

properties of modified polypyrrole films. *Electrochim. Acta,* Vol.46, No.5, pp.661-

modified polypyrrole films fr the methanol oxidation reaction. *J. Appl. Electrochem.*,

into electronically conductive polymers: iron phthalocyanine in polypyrrole. NTIS.

Report (1983), (TR-31; Order No. AD-A127700), 22 pp. From: Gov. Rep. Announce. Index (U. S.) 1983, 83(17), 4213,


Polypyrrole Composites: Electrochemical Synthesis, Characterizations and Applications 151

Herrasti, P.; Kulak, A.N.; Bavykin, D.V.; Ponce de Leon, C.; Zkonyte, J. & Walsh, F. C. (2011).

Ikeda, O.; Okabayashi, K. & Tamura, H. (1983). Electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen on cobalt-doped polypyrrole films. *Chem. Lett.*, Vol.12, pp. 1821-4, ISSN Iroh, J.O. & Levine, K. (2003). Capacitance of the polypyrrole/polyimide composite by

Jeyabharathi, C.; Venkateshkumar, P.; Mathiyarasu, J. & Phani, K.L.N. (2010). Carbon-

Jin, B.; Kim, J.U. & Gu, H.B. (2003). Electrochemical properties of lithium–sulfur batteries. *J.* 

Johanson, U.; Marandi, M.; Sammelselg, V. & Tamm, J. (2005). Electrochemical properties of

Joseph, S.; McClure, J.C.; Chianelli, R.; Pich, P. & Sebastian. P.J. (2005). Conducting polymer-

Juttner, K.; Mangold, K.-M.; Lange M. & Bouzek K. (2004). Preparation and Properties of

Kanno, R.; Kubo, H.; Kawamoto, Y.; Kamiyama, T.; Izumi, F.; Takeda, Y. & Takano, M.

Kaplin, D.A. & Qutubuddin, S. (1995). Electrochemically synthesized polypyrrole films:

Kim, B.C.; Ko, J.M. & Wallace, G.G. (2008b). A novel capacitor material based on Nafiondoped polypyrrole. *J. Power sources*, Vol.177, No.2, pp. 665-668, ISSN 0378-7753 Kim, J.Y.; Kim, K.H. & Kim, K.B. (2008a). Fabrication and electrochemical properties of

Kim, K.J.; Song, H.S. & Kim, J.D. (1988). Mechanism of Electropolymerization of Pyrrole in

Konwer, S.; Maiti, J. & Dolui, S.K. (2011). Prepration and optical/electrical/electrochemical

*Power Sources,* Vol.117, No.1-2, pp. 148-152, ISSN 0378-7753

*J. Solid Chem.,* Vol.110, No.2, pp. 216-225, ISSN 0022-4596

*J. Power Sources*, Vol.176, No.1, pp. 396-402, ISSN 0378-7753

185, ISSN 0300-9440

272, ISSN 0378-7753

*273,* ISSN 1572-6657

40, ISSN 0009-3199

317-325, ISSN 1023-1935

1275-1285, ISSN 0032-3861

*Phys.*, In Press, ISSN 0254-0584

0253-2964

1945-7111

Electrodeposition of polypyrrole–titanate nanotube composites coatings and their corrosion resistance. *Electrochim. Acta*, Vol.56, No.3, 1323-1328, ISSN 0013-4686 Hosseini, M.G.; Sabouri, M. & Shahrabi, T. (2007). Corrosion protection of mild steel by

polypyrrole phosphate composite coating. *Prog. Org. Coat.*, Vol. 60, No.3, pp. 178-

electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. *J. Power Sources*, Vol.117, No.1-2, pp. 267-

supported palladium-polypyrrole nanocomposite for oxygen reduction and its tolerance to methanol. *J. Electrochem. Soc.*, Vol.157, No.11, pp. B1740-B1745, ISSN

porphyrin-doped polypyrrole films. *J. Electroanal. Chem.*, Vol. 575, No.2, pp. *267-*

coated stainless steel bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). *Int. J. Hydrogen Energy*, Vol.30, No.12, pp. 1339 – 1344, ISSN 0360-3199 Jurewicz, K.; Delpeux, S.; Bertagna, V.; Béguin, F. & Frackowiak, E. (2001). Supercapacitors

from nanotubes/polypyrrole composites. *Chem. Phys. Lett.*, Vol.347, No.1-3, pp. 36-

Composite Polypyrrole/Pt Catalyst Systems. *Russ. J. Electrochem.*, Vol.40, No. 3, pp.

(1994). Phase Relationship and Lithium Deintercalation in Lithium Nickel Oxides.

effects of polymerization potential and electrolyte type. *Polymer*, Vol.36, No.6, pp.

carbon nanotube/polypyrrole composite film electrodes with controlled pore size.

Acidic Aqueous Solutions. *Bull. Korean Chem. Soc.*, Vol.9, No.4, pp. 248-251, ISSN

properties of expanded graphite-filled polypyrrole nanocomposite. *Mater. Chem.* 


Flamini, D.O. & Saidman, S.B. (2010). Electrodeposition of polypyrrole onto NiTi and the

Funt, B.L. & Diaz, A.F. (1991). Organic electrochemistry: An introduction and a guide. 1337,

Garcia, B.; Lamzoudi, A.; Pillier, F.; Lee, H.N.T.; Deslouis, C. (2002). Oxide/Polypyrrole

Gautier, J.L.; Marco, J.F.; Gracia, M.; Gancedo, J.R.; Garza Guadarrama, V.D.L. & Nguyen

Gemeay, A.H.; Nishiyama, H.; Kuwabata, S.; & Yoneyama, H. (1995).Chemical Preparation

Genies, E.M. & Pernaut, J.M. (1985). Characterization of the radical cation and the dication

Genies, E.M.; Bidan, G. & Diaz, A.F. (1983). Spectroelectrochemical study of polypyrrole films. *J. Electroanal. Chem.*, Vol.149, No.1-2, pp. 101-113. ISSN 1572-6657 Grgur, B.N.; Gvozdenović, M.M.; Stevanović, J.; Jugović, B.Z. & Marinović, V.M. (2008).

batteries. *Electrochim. Acta*, Vol.53, No.14, pp. 4627-4632, ISSN 0013-4686 Guo, Z.P.; Wang, J.Z.; Liu, H.K. & Dou, S.X. (2005). Study of silicon/polypyrrole composite

Hacaloglu, J.; Tezal, F. & Kucukyavuz, Z. (2009).The Characterization of Polyaniline and

Hammache, H.; Makhloufi, L. & Saidani, B. (2001). Electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol on

Hao, Y.; Yang, M.; Li, W.; Qiao, X. Zhang, L. & Cai, S. (2000). A photoelectrochemical solar

Haseko, Y.; Shrestha, N.K.; Teruyama, S. & Saji, T. (2006), Reversal pulsing electrodeposition

Herrasti, P. & Ocon, P. (2001). Polypyrrole layers for steel protection. *Appl. Surf. Sci.,* Vol.172,

Herrasti, P.; del Rio, A.I. & Recio, J. (2007). Electrodeposition of homogeneous and adherent

0010-938X

Marcel Dekker

ISSN 0378-7753

ISSN 0013-4686

No.12, pp. B560-B566, ISSN 1945-7111

No2, pp. 119-125, ISSN 0013-4686

pp. 4190-4195, ISSN 1945-7111

*Electrochem.*, Vol.191, No.1, pp. 111-126

*Sci.*,Vol.113, No.5, pp. 3130–3136. ISSN 1097-4628

*Sol. Cells*, Vol.60, No.4, pp. 349-359, ISSN 0927-0248

Vol.123, No.3, pp. 515-522, ISSN 0379-6779

No.3-4, pp. 276-284, ISSN 0169-4332

6496–6501, ISSN 0013-4686

corrosion behaviour of the coated alloy. *Corros. Sci.*, Vol.52, No.1, pp. 229-234, ISSN

Composite Films for Corrosion Protection of Iron. *J. Electrochem. Soc.*, Vol.149,

Conh, H. & Chartier, P. (2002). Ni0.3Co2.7O4 spinel particles/polypyrrole composite electrode: Study by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. *Electrochim. Acta*, Vol.48,

of Manganese Dioxide/Polypyrrole Composites and Their Use as Cathode Active Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries. *J. Electrochem. Soc.*, Vol.142, No.12,

species of polypyrrole by spectroelectrochemistry: Kinetics, redox properties, and structural changes upon electrochemical cycling. *J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial* 

Polypyrrole as possible electrode materials for the aqueous-based rechargeable zinc

as anode materials for Li-ion batteries. *J. Power Sources, Vol.*146, No.1-2, pp. 448-451,

Polypyrrole Composites by Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry. *J. Appl. Polym.* 

PPy electrode modified by gold using the cementation process. *Synth. Met.*,

cell basedon ZnO/dye/polypyrrole "lm electrode as photoanode. *Sol. Energy Mater.* 

of Ni/polypyrrole composite film. *Electrochim. Acta*, Vol.51, No.18, pp. 3652-3657,

polypyrrole on copper for corrosion protection. *Electrochim. Acta*, Vol.52, No.18, pp.


Polypyrrole Composites: Electrochemical Synthesis, Characterizations and Applications 153

Madani, A.; Nessark, B.; Boukherroub, R. & Chehimi, M.M. (2011). Prepration and

Malviya, M.; Singh, J.P. & Singh, R.N. (2005a). Electrochemical characterization of

Malviya, M.; Singh, J.P.; Lal, B & Singh, R.N. (2005b). Transport behavior of Cl¯ in composite

Mangold, K.-M.; Meik, F. & Jüttner, K. (2004) Polypyrrole/palladium composites for the electrocatalyzed Heck reaction. *Synt. Met.*; Vol.144, pp. 221-227, ISSN 0379-6779 Millán, W. M.; Thompson, T.T.; Arriaga, L.G. & Smit, M.A. (2009). Characterization of

Mohamedi, M.; Takahashi, D.; Uchiyama, T.; Itoh, T.; Nishizawa, M. & Uchida, I. (2001).

Mohana Reddy, A. L.; Rajalakshmi, N. & Ramaprabhu, S. (2008). Cobalt-polypyrrole-

Nguyen Cong; H.; Abbassi, K.E.; Chartier, P. (2000). Electrically conductive polymer/metal

Nguyen Cong; H.; Abbassi, K.E.; Chartier, P. (2002a). Electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction

Nguyen Cong, H.; Garza Guadarrama, V.D.L.; Gautier, J.L. & Chartier, P. (2002b). NixCo3-

Nguyen Cong; H.; Abbassi, K.E.; Gautier, J.L. & Chartier, P. (2005). Oxygen reduction on

Ohzuku T. & Ueda A. (1994). Solid-State Redox Reactions of LiCoO2 (R 3 m) for 4 Volt

Osaka, T.; Naoi, K.; Hirabayashi, T. & Nakamura, S. (1986). Electrocatalytic oxygen

electrode. *Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn.*, Vol.59, No.9, pp. 2717-2222, ISSN 1348-0634 Osaka, T.; Nishikawa, M. & Nakamura, S. (1984). Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction with

electrode. *Denki Kagaku oyobi Kogyo Butsuri Kagaku*, Vol.52, No.6, pp. 370-371

oxygen reduction. *J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst.*, Vol.5, No.1, pp. 35-40 Nguyen Cong, H.; Garza Guadarrama, V.D.L.; Gautier, J.L. & Chartier, P. (2003). Oxygen

*Power Sources*, Vol.93, No.1-2, pp. 93-103, ISSN 0378-7753

No.2, pp. 176-181, ISSN 1572-6657

Vol.44A, pp. 2233-2239, ISSN 0376-4710

*Electrochem. Syst.,* Vol.8, pp. 223-228

Vol.46, No.1, pp. 2-11, ISSN 0008-6223

Vol.50, pp. 1369-1376, ISSN 0013-4686

Vol.149, No5, pp. A525-A530, ISSN 1945-7111

No4, pp. 192-195, ISSN 1944-8775

ISSN 0360-3199

0013-4686

1945-7111

electrochemical behavior of PPy-CdS composite films. *J. Electroanal. Chem.,* Vol.650,

polypyrrole/cobalt ferrite composite films for oxygen reduction. *Ind. J. Chem.*

films of polypyrrole and CoFe2O4 obtained for oxygen reduction. *J. New Mater.* 

composite materials of electroconductive polymer and cobalt as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. *Int. J. Hydrogen Energy*, Vol.34, No.2, pp. 694-702,

Explicit analysis of impedance spectra related to thin films of spinel LiMn2O4. *J.* 

multiwalled carbon nanotube catalysts for hydrogen and alcohol fuel cells. *Carbon,*

oxidecomposite electrode for oxygen reduction. *Electrochem. Solid State Lett.*, Vol.3,

on polypyrrole/mixed valence spinel oxide nanoparticles. *J Electrochem. Soc.*,

xO4 mixed valence oxide nanoparticles/polypyrrole composite electrodes for

reduction on NixCo3-xO4 spinel particles/polypyrrole composite electrodes: hydrogen peroxide formation. *Electrochim. Acta,* Vol.48, No.1, pp. 2389-2395, ISSN

oxide/polypyrrole composite electrodes: effect of doping anions. *Electrochim. Acta*,

Secondary Lithium Cells. *J. Electrochem. Soc.*, Vol.141, No.11, pp. 2972-2977, ISSN

reduction at (tetrasulfonatophthalocyaninato)-cobalt incorporated polypyrrole film

metal porphyrins or metal phthalocyanine incorporated in polypyrrole film


Kowalski, D.; Ueda, M.; Ohtsuka, T. (2008). The effect of ultrasonic irradiation during

Kuwabata, S.; Masui, S. & Yoneyama, H. (1999). Charge–discharge properties of composites

Lang, G. & Inzelt, G. (1999). An advanced model of the impedance of polymer film electrodes. *Electrochim. Acta.* Vol.44, No.12, pp. 2037-2051, ISSN 0013-4686 Lee, H.N.T.; Garcia, B.; Pailleret, A. & Deslouis, C. (2005). Role of doping ions in the

Lehr, I.L. & Saidman, S.B. (2006a). Electrodeposition of polypyrrole on aluminium in the

Lehr, I.L. & Saidman, S.B. (2006b). Characterisation and corrosion protection properties of

Lenz, D. M.; Delamar, M. & Ferreira, C.A. (2007). Improvement of the anticorrosion

Leroux, F.; Koene, B.E. & Nazar, L.F. (1996). Electrochemical Lithium Intercalation into a

Levi, M.D. & Aurabch, D. (1997). Simultaneous Measurements and Modeling of the

Levi, M.D. & Aurabch, D. (2004). Impedance of a Single Intercalation Particle and of Non-

Li, C.M.; Sun, C.Q.; Chen, W. & Pan, L. (2005). Electrochemical thin film deposition of

Liang, X.; Wen, Z.; Liu, Y.; Wang, X.; Zhang, H.; Wu, M. & Huang, L. (2010). Preparation

Liu, Y.C. & Chuang, T.C. (2003). Synthesis and Characterization of Gold/Polypyrrole Core-

Solutions. *J. Phys. Chem. B*, Vol.107, No. pp. 12383-12386, ISSN 1520-5207

*Phys Chem. B.* Vol.108, No.31, pp. 11693-11703, ISSN 1520-5207

nitrate. *Electrochim. Acta,* Vol.51, No.16, pp. 3249–3255, ISSN 0013-4686 Lenz, D. M.; Delamar, M. & Ferreira, C.A. (2003). Application of polypyrrole/TiO2

steel. *Corros. Sci.*, Vol.50, No.1, pp. 286-290, ISSN 0010-938X

4686

pp. 1747–1755, ISSN 0013-4686

pp. 35-44, ISSN 1572-6657

4630-4640, ISSN 1520-5207

477, ISSN 0257-8972

10.1016/j.ssi.2010.016, ISSN 0167-2738

ISSN 1945-7111

No.2-3, pp. Pages 262-267, ISSN 0254-2584

*Coat.*, Vol.58, No.1, pp. 64-69, ISSN 0300-9440

electropolymerization of polypyrrole on corrosion prevention of the coated

of LiMn2O4 and polypyrrole as positive electrode materials for 4V class of rechargeable Li batteries. *Electrochim. Acta*, Vol.44, No.25, pp. 4593-4600, ISSN 0013-

corrosion protection of iron by polypyrrole films. *Electrochim. Acta*, Vol.50, No.7-8,

presence of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate. *Mater. Chem. Phys.*, Vol.100,

polypyrrole electropolymerised onto aluminium in the presence of molybdate and

composite films as corrosion protection of mild steel. *J. Electroanal. Chem.*, Vol.540,

properties of polypyrrole by zinc phosphate pigment incorporation. *Prog. Org.* 

Polyaniline/V2O5 Nanocomposite. *J. Electrochem. Soc.*, Vol.143, No.9, pp. L181-L183,

Electrochemical Impedance and the Cyclic Voltammetric Characteristics of Graphite Electrodes Doped with Lithium. *J. Phys. Chem. B.*, Vol.101, No.23, pp.

Homogeneous, Multilayered Porous Composite Electrodes for Li-ion Batteries. *J* 

polypyrrole on different substrates. *Surf. Coat. Technol.*, Vol.198, No.1-3, pp. 474–

and characterization of sulfur–polypyrrole composites with controlled morphology as high capacity cathode for lithium batteries. *Solid State Ionics*, doi:

Shell Nanocomposites and Elemental Gold Nanoparticles Based on the Gold-Containing Nanocomplexes Prepared by Electrochemical Methods in Aqueous


Polypyrrole Composites: Electrochemical Synthesis, Characterizations and Applications 155

Sabouri, M.; Shahrabi, T.; Faridi, H.R.; Hosseini M.G. (2009). Polypyrrole and polypyrrole–

spectroscopy. *Prog. Org. Coat.*, Vol.64, No.4, pp. 429-434, ISSN 0300-9440 Sadki, S.; Schottland, P.; Brodie, N. & Sabouraud, G. (2000). The mechanism of pyrrole electropolymerization. *Chem. Soc. Rev.*, Vol.29, No.5, pp. 283-293. ISSN 0306-0012 Seeliger, W. & Hamnett, A. (1992). Novel electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction. *Electrochim.* 

Selvaraj, V.; Alagar, M. & Hamerton, I. (2006). Electrocatalytic properties of monometallic

*Photochem. Photobio. A: Chem.,* Vol.184, No.1-2, pp. 234–239, ISSN 1010-6030 Sharifirad, M.; Omrani, A.; Rostami, A.A. & Khoshroo, M. (2010). Electrodeposition and

Sharma, R.K.; Rastogi, A.C. & Desu, S.B. (2008). Pulse polymerized polypyrrole electrodes

Singh, R.N. Malviya, M.; & Chartier, P. (2007b). Electrochemical Characterization of

Singh, R.N., Malviya, M. & Anindita. (2007c). Electrochemical characterization of composite

Singh, R.N.; Lal, B. & Malviya, M. (2004). Electrocatalytic activity of electrodeposited

Singh, R.N.; Malviya, M.; Anindita; Sinha, A.S.K. & Chartier, P. (2007a). Polypyrrole and La1-

Snook, G.A.; Kao, P. & Best, A.S. (2011). Review: Conducting-polymer-based supercapacitor devices and electrodes. *J. Power Sources*, Vol.196, No.1, pp. 1-12, ISSN 0378-7753 Song, M.S.; Han, S.C.; Kim, H.S.; Kim, J.H.; Kim, K.T.; Kang, Y.M.; Ahn, H.J.; Dou, S.X. &

Street, G.B. (1986). Handbook of conducting polymers. In: Skotheim, T.J. (Ed.), 188, 1st ed.,

Sun, W. & Chen, X. (2009). Preparation and characterization of polypyrrole films for three-

Sun, Z.; Ge, H.; Hu, X. & Peng, Y. (2010). Preparation of foam-nickel composite electrode

methanol. *J. Power Sources*, Vol.160, No.2, pp. 940–948, ISSN 0378-7753 Senadeera, G.K.R.; Kitamura, T.; Wadab, Y. & Yanagida, S. (2006). Enhanced photoresponses

*Acta*, Vol.37, No.4, pp. 763-765, ISSN 0013-4686

pp.149-158, ISSN 1572-6657

Vol.10, No.2, pp. 268-272, ISSN 1388-2481

*New Mater. Electrochem. Syst*. Vol.10, pp. 181 – 186

reduction. *Ind. J. Chem.*, Vol.46A, pp. 1923-1928, ISSN

*Acta*, Vol.52, No.13, pp. 4264-4271, ISSN 0013-4686

Vol.151, No.6, pp. A791- A795, ISSN 1945-7111

*Purif. Technol*. Vol.72, No.2, pp. 133-139, ISSN 1383-5866

Marcel Dekker, New York

ISSN 0378-7753

tungstate electropolymerization coatings on carbon steel and evaluating their corrosion protection performance via electrochemical impedance

and bimetallic nanoparticles-incorporated polypyrrole films for electro-oxidation of

of polypyrrole on surface modified TiO2 with self-assembled monolayers. *J.* 

characterization of polypyrrole films on copper. *J. Electroanal. Chem.,*Vol. 645, No.2,

for high energy density electrochemical supercapacitor. *Electrochem. Commun.*,

composite films of LaNiO3 and polypyrrole for electrocatalysis of O2 reduction. *J.* 

films of polypyrrole and La1-xSrxCoO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4) for electrocatalysis of O2

composite films of polypyrrole and CoFe2O4 nanoparticals towards oxygen reduction reaction. *Electrochim. Acta*, Vol.49, No.26, pp. 4605-4612, ISSN 0013-4686

xSrxMnO3 (0 x 0.4) composite electrodes for electroreduction of oxygen. *Electrochim.* 

Lee, J.Y. (2004). Effects of Nanosized Adsorbing Material on Electrochemical Properties of Sulfur Cathodes for Li/S Secondary Batteries. *J. Electrochem. Soc.*,

dimensional micro supercapacitor. *J. Power Sources*, Vol.193, No.2, pp. 924-929,

and its application to 2,4-dichlorophenol dechlorination in aqueous solution. *Sep.* 


Panah, N.B. & Danaee, I. (2010). Study of the anticorrosive properties of

Pasquier, A.D.; Orsini, F.; Gozdz, A.S. & Tarascon J.M. (1999). Electrochemical behaviour of

Passiniemi, P. & Vakiparta, K. (1995). Characterizaton of polyaniline blends with AC

Pina, C.D.; Falletta, E.; Rossi, M. (2011). Conductive materials by metal catalyzed polymerization. *Catal. Today,* Vol.160, No.1, pp. 11-27. ISSN 0920-5861 Pournaghi-Azar M. H. & Ojani R. (2000). Electrochemistry and electrocatalytic activity of

Pournaghi-Azar M.H. & Ojani R., (1999). Electrochemistry and electrocatalytic activity of

Qiu, Y.J. & Reynolds, J.R. (1992). Electrochemically initiated chain polymerization of pyrrole

Qu, B.; Xu, Y.T.; Lin, S.J.; Zheng, Y.F. & Dai, L.Z. (2010). Fabrication of Pt nanoparticles

Rahman, S.U. (2011). Corrosion protection of steel by catalyzed polypyrrole films. *Surf. Coat.* 

Raoof, J.B.; Ojani, R. & Rashid-Nadimi, S. (2004). Preparation of polypyrrole/ferrocyanide

Rapecki, T.; Donten, M. & Stojek, Z. (2010). Electrodeposition of polypyrrole–Au

Redondo, M.I. & Breslin, C.B. (April 2007). Polypyrrole electrodeposited on copper from an

Ren, Y.J. & Zeng, C.L. (2008). Effect of conducting composite polypyrrole/polyaniline

Riaz, U.; Ashraf, S.M. & Ahmad, S. (2007). High performance corrosion protective

Rodrigues, N.P.; Obirai, J.; Nyokong, T. & Bedioui, F. (2005). Electropolymerized pyrrole-

*Electrochem. Commn.*, Vol.12, No.5, pp. 624-627, ISSN 1388-2481

oxidation. *Synth. Met.,* Vol.160, No.7-8, pp. 732-742, ISSN 1379-6779

*Technol.*, Vol.205, No.8-9 pp. 3035–3042, ISSN 0257-8972

Vol.68, No.3, pp. 214-218, ISSN 0300-9440

*Electrochem*., Vol.4, pp. 75-79, ISSN 1433-0768

Vol.474, No.2, pp. 113-122, ISSN 1572-6657

No.4, pp. 1765-1776, ISSN 0010-938X

607-611, ISSN 0378-7753

ISSN 1099-0518

0013-4686

ISSN 0378-7753

ISSN 1521-4109

145, ISSN 0300-9440

polypyrrole/polyaniline bilayer via electrochemical techniques. *Prog. Org. Coat.*,

LiMn2O4–PPy composite cathodes in the 4-V region. *J. Power Sources*, Vol.81, pp.

impedance measurements. *Synth. Met.* Vol. 69, No.1-3, pp. 237-238, ISSN 0379-6779

polypyrrole/ferrocyanide films on a glassy carbon electrode. *J. Solid State* 

polypyrrole/ferrocyanide films on a glassy caron electrode. *J. Electroanal. Chem.*,

in aqueous media. *J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem.*, Vol.30, No.7, pp. 1315–1325.

decorated PPy–MWNTs composites and their electrocatalytic activity for methanol

films modified carbon paste electrode and its application on the electrocatalytic determination of ascorbic acid. *Electrochim. Acta*, Vol.49, No.2, pp. 271-280, ISSN

nanoparticles composite from one solution containing gold salt and monomer.

aqueous phosphate solution: Corrosion protection properties. *Corros. Sci.*, Vol.49,

coatings on the corrosion resistance of type 304 stainless steel for bipolar plates of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. *J. Power Sources*, Vol.182, No.2, pp. 524–530,

DGEBA/polypyrrole composite coatings. *Prog. Org. Coat.*, Vol.59, No.2, pp. 138-

substituted manganese phthalocyanine films for the electroassisted biomimetic catalytic reduction of molecular oxygen. *Electroanalysis*, Vol.17, No.2, pp. 186-190,


Polypyrrole Composites: Electrochemical Synthesis, Characterizations and Applications 157

Wu, B.; Yang, C.; Wu, H. (1999). Reduction of oxygen on glassy carbon electrode modified

Xia, J.; Chen L. & Yanagida, S. (2011). Application of polypyrrole as a counter electrode for a

Xiaoming; F.; Xianwei; H.; Zhuo; T. & Bin. Z. (2011). Application Research of

Yalcinkaya, S.; Demetguil, Timur, M. & Colk, N. (2010). Electrochemical synthesis and

Yoneyama, H. & Shozi, Y. (1990). Incorporation of WO3 into Polypyrrole, and

Yoneyama, H. Kishimoto, A. & Kuwabata, S. (1991). Charge–discharge properties of

Yuasa, M.; Yamaguchi, A.; Itsuki, H.; Tanaka, K.; Yamamoto, M. & Oyaizu, K. (2005).

Zhang, D.; Zhang, X.; Chen, Y.; Yu, P.; Wang, C. & Ma Y. (2011). Enhanced capacitance and

Zhang, G.; Yang, F. & Yang, W. (2007). The effect of polypyrrole-bound

Zhang, T. & Zeng, C.L. (2005). Corrosion protection of 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel by

Zhang, X.; Wang, J.; Wang, Z. & Wang S. (2005a). Electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate at

Zhang, Z.; Yuan, Y.; Liang, L.; Cheng, Y.; Xu, H.; Shi, G.; Jin, L. (2008). Preparation and

*Polym.*, Vol.67, No.10, pp. 1008-1017, ISSN 1381-5148

Vol.516, No.23, pp. 8663–8667, ISSN 0040-6779

*Commun.*, Vol.10, No.11, pp. 1781-1784, ISSN 1388-2481

*Acta Chim. Sinica,* Vol. 69, No.6, pp. 653-658

Vol.137, No.12, pp. 3826-3830, ISSN 1945-7111

*Commun.*, Vol.15, pp. 986-987

4281, ISSN 0897-4756

4721–4727, ISSN 0013-4686

4686

6779

dye-sensitized solar cell. *J. Mater. Chem.*, Vol.21, pp. 4644-4649

ISSN 1000-0518

ISSN 0144-8617

composite films for flexible and bendable rechargeable battery. *Electrochem.* 

by polypyrrole film with ferriporphyrin. *Yingyong Huaxue*. Vol.16, No.5, pp. 17-20,

Polypyrrole/Graphite Composite Counter Electrode for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.

characterization of polypyrrole/chitosan composite on platinum electrode: Its electrochemical and thermal behaviors. *Carbohydr. Polym.*, Vol.79, No.4, pp.908-913,

Electrochemical Properties of the Resulting Polymer Films. *J. Electrochem. Soc.*,

polypyrrole films containing manganese dioxide particles. *J. Chem. Soc.*, *Chem.* 

Modifying Carbon Particles with Polypyrrole for Adsorption of Cobalt Ions as Electrocatalytic Site for Oxygen Reduction. *Chem. Mater.*, Vol.17, No.17, pp. 4278-

rate capability of graphene/polypyrrole composite as electrode material for supercapacitors. *J. Power sources*, Vol.196, No.14, pp. 5990-5996, ISSN 0378-7753 Zhang, G. & Yang, F. (2007). Electrocatalytic reduction of dioxygen at glassy carbon

electrodes modified with polypyrrole/anthraquinonedisulphonate composite film in various pH solutions. *Electrochim. Acta*, Vol.52, No.24, pp. 6595-6603, ISSN 0013-

anthraquinonedisulphonate dianion on cathodic reduction of oxygen. *React. Funct.* 

polypyrrole coatings in HCl aqueous solution. *Electrochim. Acta*, Vol.50, No.24, pp.

polypyrrole modified electrode. *Synth. Met*, Vol.155, No.1, pp. 95-99, ISSN 0379-

photoelectrochemical properties of a hybrid electrode composed of polypyrrole encapsulated in highly ordered titanium dioxide nanotube array. *Thin Solid Films*,


Tarascon, J.M.; McKinnon, W.R.; Coowar, F.; Bowmer, T.N.; Amatucci, G.; & Guyomard,

Tüken, T.; Arslan, G.; Yazc, B. & Erbil, M. (2004). The corrosion protection of mild steel by

Turhan, M.C.; Weiser, M.; Jha, H. & Virtanen, S. (2011a).Optimization of electrochemical

Turhan, M.C.; Weiser, M.; Killian, M.S.; Leitner, B. & Virtanen, S. (2011b). Electrochemical

Upadhyay, D.N.; Bharathi, S.; Yegnaraman, V. & Prabhakara Rao, G. (1995).

Veeraraghavan, B.; Paul, J.; Haran, B. & Popov, B. (2002). Study of polypyrrole graphite

Vishnuvardhan, T.K.; Kulkarni, V.R.; Basavaraja, C. & Raghavendra, S.C. (2006). Synthesis,

Vork, F. & E. Barendrecht. (1989). Application and characterization of polypyrrole-modified

Waltman, R. J. & Bargon, J. Reactivity/structure correlations for the electropolymerization of

Waltman, R.J. & J. Bargon. (1986). Electrically conducting polymers: a review of the

Wang, G.X.; Yang, L.; Chen, Y.; Wang, J.Z.; Bewlay, S. & Liu, H.K. (2005). An investigation of

Wang, J.; Chen, J.; Konstantinov, K.; Zhao, L.; Ng, S.H.; Wang, G.X.; Guo, Z.P. & Liu, H.K.

Wang, J.; Xu, Y.; Chen, X. & Du, X. (2007). Electrochemical supercapacitor electrode material

Wang, J.Z.; Chou, S.L.; Chen, J.; Chew, S.Y.; Wang, G.X.; Konstantinov, K.; Wu, J.; Dou, S.X.

*Synth. Met.*, Vol.161, No.3-4, pp. 360-364, ISSN 0379-6779

*Tetrahedron*. Vol.40, No.20, pp. 3963-3970. ISSN 0040-4020

*Electrochim. Acta,* Vol.50, No.24, pp. 4649-4654, ISSN 0013-4686

*Sources*, Vol.163, No.2, pp. 1120-1125, ISSN 0378-7753

No.3-4, pp. 307-314, ISSN 0927-0248

Vol.109, No.2, pp. 377-387, ISSN 0378-7753

*Mater.Sci.,* Vol.29, No.1, pp.77-83, ISSN

ISSN 0379-6779

76-95

0013-4686

7111.

4686

2754, ISSN 0010-938X

D. (1994). Synthesis conditions and oxygen stoichiometry effects on Li insertion into the spinel LiMn2O4. *J. Elctrochem. Soc.*, Vol.141, No.6, pp. 1421-1431, ISSN 1945-

polypyrrole/polyphenol multilayer coating. *Corros. Sci.*, Vol.46, No.11, pp. 2743-

polymerization parameters of polypyrrole on Mg–Al alloy (AZ91D) electrodes and corrosion performance. *Electrochim. Acta*, Vol.50, No.15, pp. 5347-5354, ISSN 0013-

polymerization and characterization of polypyrrole on Mg–Al alloy (AZ91D).

Photoelectrochemical and electrochemical behavior of gold electrode modified with bilayers of polypyrrole and polyaniline. *Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells*, Vol.37,

composite as anode material for secondary lithium-ion batteries. *J. Power Sources,*

Charectrization and a.c. conductivity of polypyrrole/Y2O3 composites. *Bull.* 

electrodes with incorporated Pt particles. *Synth. Met.*, Vol.28, No.1-2, pp.121-126,

pyrrole: An INDO/CNDO study of the reactive sites of oligomeric radical cations.

electropolymerization reaction, of the effects of chemical structure on polymer film properties, and of applications towards technology. *Can. J. Chem.,* Vol.64; No.1, pp.

polypyrrole-LiFePO4 composite cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

(2006). Sulphur-polypyrrole composite positive electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries. *Electrochim. Acta*, Vol.51, No.22, pp. 4634-4638, ISSN

based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/polypyrrole composite. *J. Power* 

& Liu, H.K. (2008). Paper-like free-standing polypyrrole and polypyrrole–LiFePO4

composite films for flexible and bendable rechargeable battery. *Electrochem. Commun.*, Vol.10, No.11, pp. 1781-1784, ISSN 1388-2481


**1. Introduction** 

**8** 

*Japan* 

Yasushiro Nishioka

**Polypyrrole Soft Actuators** 

*College of Science and Technology/Nihon University* 

Organic soft actuators attract strong attentions because they have many advantages compared to conventional mechanical actuators. Organic soft actuators are generally light and flexibly deformed. In addition, they operate under low voltage ranges as low as 1 volt or so, and generate no sound during deformation. Amongst those soft actuators, bending soft actuators are of special interest because small volume change in organic materials can cause a large bending displacement. For example, soft actuators consisting of Ionic Conducting Polymer Films (ICPF) have been widely used as bending actuators (Guo et al., 1996). However, the fabrication processes for ICPF actuators seem complicated. In contrast, polypyrrole films synthesized using electropolymerization as a new material for organic soft actuators have been extensively studied (Hara et al., 2004a, 2004b, Hatchison et al., 2000, Jager et al., 1999). In addition, the amount of the volume change can be modified by altering the electropolymerization conditions. Hara et. al. recently reported that the expansion and contraction ratio of their polypyrrole actuators exceeded 40%, which is very encouraging (Hara et al., 2005). Bending actuators can be easily fabricated by forming a bimorph

 In this section, simple bimorph actuators using an electropolymerized polypyrrole (PPy) film and a both-side adhesive tape were fabricated. It turned out that those actuators nonuniformly bent depending on the distance between the actuator and the counter electrode. We fabricated a structure consisting of polypyrrole/both-side adhesive tape/polypyrrole whose two polypyrrole films have different extension/contraction ratios, and found that the actuator exhibited more uniform bending deformation which was nearly

Figure 1.1. describes the principle of the PPy actuator functions. A PPy actuator and a counter electrode are placed in an electrolysis solution. When a negative voltage is applied to the actuator, negative ions in the solution will be driven out from the actuator, the actuator shrinks. This is called dedoping process. When positive voltage is applied to the actuator, the negative ions are absorbed into the PPy actuator (doping process), and the actuator expands. The conductive PPy polymer networks are loosely dangled, and the spacing between the polymer chains can expand and shrink during the doping and

structure consisting of a polypyrrole film and other film material.

independent of the distance between the electrodes.

**1.1 Principle of PPy actuator** 

dedoping processes.

