**6. References**

[1] B.J. Privett, J.H. Shin, M.H. Schoenfisch, Electrochemical Sensors, Analytical Chemistry 82 (2010) 4723-4741.

The scope of the electropolymerized films have also been expanded towards a wide range of organic and inorganic contaminants including pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and heavy metals. A new kind of polymer monomer, bis(terthiophene)-appended uranylsalophen complex, comprising N,N'-bis[4-(5,2':5',2''-terthiophen-3'-yl)salicylidene]-1,2 ethanediamine-uranyl complexes (TUS), has been modified on a glassy carbon electrode by electrochemical polymerizations. This polymer film has both the functionality of ion-toelectron transducers (solid contact) and Lewis-acidic binding sites to construct a monohydrogen phosphate (MHP) ion-selective electrode (ISE). The detection limit was down to 10-5 M and the response time is less than 5s [60]. In some cases, the polymers acted as the matrix for the immobilization of enzyme for environmental analytical application. Chen et al reported the entrapment of glucose oxidase into poly-(L-noradrenalin) films (PNA). They studied the inhibition effects of Hg2+, Cu2+, and Co2+ on the activity of glucose oxidase. The electrosynthesized PNA matrix to entrap GOX for an inhibitive assay of Ag+ shows the lowest competitive affinity to heavy metal ions and gives the highest sensitivity, so it can be used for Ag+ detection61. The applications of the electropolymerized films

There has been an enormous increase of the preparation and application of the polymer films in analytical areas. Some of the advances and fields of the electropolymerized films have been outlined in the review. The electropolymerization methods have important advantages over the conventional techniques for the modification and preparation of microelectrodes, permitting the regulation of the spatial location and selective control of the film properties. Selective immobilization of biomoleculars in array of microelectrodes can be implanted in biological tissues for the simultaneous detection of several compounds. Minimization arrays, fast responding electrochemical sensors and on-line detection are the developing tendency of the electropolymerized films in sensor areas. Some progress will be necessary to achieve the appearance of the commercial electrochemical sensors based on the electropolymerized films. A lot of future research into the development of new polymer

We greatly appreciate the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 20705030, 20875081, 21075107), 863 Program Foundation (2009AA03Z331), the Foundation of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Material and Engineering (K08021)

[1] B.J. Privett, J.H. Shin, M.H. Schoenfisch, Electrochemical Sensors, Analytical Chemistry

applied for environmental monitoring were listed in Table 2 [62-78].

**4. Conclusion and future perspective** 

films by electrochemical method can be expected.

and the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China (20090461161).

**5. Acknowledgements** 

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**Stability of Peptide in Microarrays:** 

Christophe Marquette4 and Patrice N. Marche1,2

*4Université Lyon 1, CNRS 5246 ICBMS, Villeurbanne,* 

*3UMR-5819(CEA-CNRS-UJF), INAC/SPrAM, CEA-Grenoble,* 

*2Université J. Fourrier, UMR-5823, Grenoble,* 

*1INSERM, U823, Grenoble,* 

*France* 

**A Challenge for High-Throughput Screening** 

Microarrays are becoming a common tool in biology for screening large numbers of samples. However, the relevance of such an approach depends on the reproducibility of measurements that is directly linked to the stability of the probes grafted on the chip especially when many cycles of regeneration are performed. Indeed, regeneration of microarray chips is of great interest in improving the throughput and reducing the costs. The impact of treatments performed to remove bound ligands in order to reuse the chip depends partially on the grafted probe and on the characteristics of the probe-ligand interaction. Thus DNA microarrays are considered to be stable as oligonucleotides are highly stable molecules and hybridization reaction depends very little on the conformation of the partners; so, multiple regeneration/rehybridization procedures can be carried out without major loss of signal intensity (Benters et al., 2002, Donhauser et al., 2009). Stability of the probes is much more difficult to achieve when proteins are used. Indeed, such molecules are very complex and heterogeneous, thus there are no general rules to account for their behaviour upon different regeneration steps. Moreover, protein-protein interactions are highly susceptible to partner conformation. This is particularly true in the case of antigen (Ag) – antibody (Ab) binding, and several papers mention a loss of signal after the second or third regeneration step (Barton et al., 2008, Yakovleva et al., 2003). Peptide microarrays are a good alternative, as peptides are shorter and their stability less dependant on their tridimensional structure. Thus they are often used for antibody profiling (Cherif et al., 2006, Halperin et al., 2011, Neuman de Vegvar et al., 2003). However, there is no study dealing with the stability of such microarrays during a large samples screening (>20). Furthermore, a conformational change is not the only parameter which can impact on ligand binding. In this chapter, our aim was to analyze the evolution of the signals during samples screening and to determine which parameters are involved in the decay of the chip efficiency: grafting method, saturation step, probe itself or probe-ligand interactions, presence of protease activity in the sample. We use a microarray system based on pyrrole electropolymerization

**1. Introduction** 

Marie-Bernadette Villiers1,2, Carine Brakha1,2, Arnaud Buhot3,

[78] C.Y. Li, Journal of Applied Polymer Science 103 (2007) 3271-3277. **10** 
