**3.2 Electropolymerized film for environmental monitoring**

Electrochemical sensors play very important roles in the protection of our environment. They can monitor the pollutant on-site and address some other environmental needs. Several electrochemical devices, such as pH- or oxygen electrodes based on the polymerized films, have been used routinely for years in environmental analysis. The electropolymerized pyrrole [55,56], aniline, thiophene, benzene derivatives and others [57,58] have been used for the preparation of pH chemical sensors. Herlem, G et al prepared the polyglycine-like thin film on platinum electrode by anodic oxidation. The film can be used as a pH sensor in the pH range 2-12 because of the proton affinity towards amino groups of polyglycine [59].



Electrochemical Sensors Based on Electropolymerized Films 195

[2] A. Ramanavicius, A. Ramanaviciene, A. Malinauskas, Electrochemical sensors

[3] H. Peng, L.J. Zhang, C. Soeller, J. Travas-Sejdic, Biomaterials 30 (2009) 2132-

[4] C.Y. Wang, J. Guan, Q.S. Qu, G.J. Yang, X.Y. Hu, Combinatorial Chemistry & High

[6] M.R. Mahmoudian, Y. Alias, W.J. Basirun, Materials Chemistry and Physics 124 (2010)

[8] Y. Matsushita, T. Sekiguchi, R. Ichino, K. Fukushima, Journal of Wood Science 55 (2009)

[9] R. Ciriello, A. Guerrieri, F. Pavese, A. M. Salvi, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

[10] J. Guan, Z.X. Wang, C.Y. Wang, Q.S. Qu, G.J. Yang, X.Y. Hu, International Journal of

[12] C.Y. Wang, Y.D. Mao, D.Y. Wang, G.J. Yang, Q.H. Qu, X.Y. Hu, Bioelectrochemistry 72

[13] Q. Xu, M. Sun, Q.X. Du, X.J. Bian, D. Chen, X.Y. Hu, Current Pharmaceutical Analysis 5

[14] L.C. Clark, C. Lyons, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 102 (1962)

[15] D. Lakshmi, M.J. Whitcombe, F. Davis, P.S. Sharma, B.B. Prasad, Electroanalysis 23

[16] N.J. Ronkainen, H.B. Halsall, W.R. Heineman, Chemical Society Reviews 39 (2010) 1747-

[17] A F. Diaz, K. K. Kanazawa, G. P. Gardini, Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical

[20] W.J. Wang, F. Wang, Y.L. Yao, S.S. Hu, K.K. Shiu, Electrochimica Acta 55 (2010) 7055-

[21] C. Chen, Y.C. Fu, C.H. Xiang, Q.J. Xie, Q.F. Zhang, Y.H. Su, L.H. Wang, S.Z. Yao,

[23] M. Lee, Y. Son, J. Park, Y. Lee, Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 492 (2008) 155-

[24] O. Yehezkeli, Y.M. Yan, I. Baravik, R. Tel-Vered, I. Willner, Chemistry-a European

[26] A.J. Wang, J.J. Feng, Y.F. Li, J.L. Xi, W.J. Dong, Microchimica Acta 171 (2010) 431-

[22] O. Yehezkeli, R. Tel-Vered, S. Reichlin, I. Willner, Acs Nano 5 (2011) 2385-2391.

[25] N.F. Atta, M.F. El-Kady, A. Galal, Analytical Biochemistry 400 (2010) 78-88.

[18] M.L. Davies, C.J. Hamilton, S.M. Murphy, B.J. Tighe, Biomaterials 13 (1992) 971-978.

[5] Z. Ežerskis, Z. Jusys, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 31 (2001) 1117-1124.

[11] C.Y. Wang, Q.X. Liu, X.Q. Shao, X.Y. Hu, Analytical Letters 40 (2007) 689-704.

Throughput Screening 10 (2007) 595-603.

[7] N.B. Tahar, A. Savall, Electrochimica Acta 55 (2009) 465-469.

Electrochemical Science 2 (2007) 572-582.

6037.

2148.

1022-1028.

344-349.

392 (2008) 913-926.

(2008) 107-115.

(2009) 190-196.

(2011) 305-320.

Communications (1979) 635-636

[19] S. Cosnier, Electroanalysis 17 (2005) 1701-1715.

Journal 15 (2009) 2674-2679.

Biosensors & Bioelectronics 24 (2009) 2726-2729.

29-&.

1763.

7060.

164.

436.

based on conducting polymer- polypyrrole, Electrochimica Acta 51 (2006) 6025-

The scope of the electropolymerized films have also been expanded towards a wide range of organic and inorganic contaminants including pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and heavy metals. A new kind of polymer monomer, bis(terthiophene)-appended uranylsalophen complex, comprising N,N'-bis[4-(5,2':5',2''-terthiophen-3'-yl)salicylidene]-1,2 ethanediamine-uranyl complexes (TUS), has been modified on a glassy carbon electrode by electrochemical polymerizations. This polymer film has both the functionality of ion-toelectron transducers (solid contact) and Lewis-acidic binding sites to construct a monohydrogen phosphate (MHP) ion-selective electrode (ISE). The detection limit was down to 10-5 M and the response time is less than 5s [60]. In some cases, the polymers acted as the matrix for the immobilization of enzyme for environmental analytical application. Chen et al reported the entrapment of glucose oxidase into poly-(L-noradrenalin) films (PNA). They studied the inhibition effects of Hg2+, Cu2+, and Co2+ on the activity of glucose oxidase. The electrosynthesized PNA matrix to entrap GOX for an inhibitive assay of Ag+ shows the lowest competitive affinity to heavy metal ions and gives the highest sensitivity, so it can be used for Ag+ detection61. The applications of the electropolymerized films applied for environmental monitoring were listed in Table 2 [62-78].
