**Acknowledgements**

With special thanks to Dr. Hadi Niknam, my dear neurosurgeon colleague, and Mrs. Shadi Nasrizadeh Moghaddam.

[9] Biering-Sorensen F, Bagi P, Hoiby N. Urinary tract infections in patients with spinal cord

Infectious Complications after Spinal Cord Injury http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72783 101

[10] Tofte N, Nielsen AC, Trøstrup H, Andersen CB, Von Linstow M, Hansen B, Biering-Sorensen F, Hoiby N, Moser C. Chronic urinary tract infections in patients with spinal cord lesions—Biofilm infection with need for long-term antibiotic treatment. APMIS.

[11] Siroky MB. Pathogenesis of bacteriuria and infection in the spinal cord injured patient.

[12] Bossa L, Kline K, McDougald D, Lee BB, Rice SA. Urinary catheter-associated microbiota change in accordance with treatment and infection status. PLoS One. 2017;**12**(6):e0177633.

[13] Moola S, Konno R. A systematic review of the management of short-term indwelling urethral catheters to prevent urinary tract infections. JBI Library of Systematic Reviews.

[14] National Institute On Disability And Rehabilitation Research. Prevention and management of urinary tract infections among people with SCI: Consensus statement.

[15] García Leoni ME, Esclarín De Ruz A. Management of urinary tract infection in patients with spinal cord injuries. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2003;**9**(8):780-785

[16] Lee BB, Toh SL, Ryan S, Simpson JM, Clezy K, Bossa L, Rice SA, Marial O, Weber G, Kaur J, Boswell-Ruys C, Goodall S, Middleton J, Tudehope M, Kotsiou G. Probiotics versus placebo as prophylaxis for urinary tract infection in persons with spinal cord injury:

[17] Tenke P, Kovacs B, Bjerklund Johansen TE, Matsumoto T, Tambyah PA, Naber KG. European and Asian guidelines on management and prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2008;**31**(Suppl 1):

[18] Cardenas DD, Moore KN, Dannels-McClure A, Scelza WM, Graves DE, Brooks M, Busch AK. Intermittent catheterization with a hydrophilic-coated catheter delays urinary tract infections in acute spinal cord injury: A prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. PM

[19] Nicolle LE. Catheter-related urinary tract infection. Drugs & Aging. 2005;**22**(8):627-639 [20] Darouiche RO, Al Mohajer M, Siddiq DM, Minard CG. Short versus long course of antibiotics for catheter-associated urinary tract infections in patients with spinal cord injury: A randomized controlled noninferiority trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and

[21] Linsenmeyer TA, Harrison B, Oakley A, Kirshblum S, Stock JA, Millis SR. Evaluation of cranberry supplement for reduction of urinary tract infections in individuals

A study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Urology. 2016;**16**:18

lesions: Treatment and prevention. Drugs. 2001;**61**(9):1275-1287

The American Journal of Medicine. 2002;**113**(Suppl 1A):67S-79S

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177633. eCollection 2017

NeuroRehabilitation. 1994;**4**(4):222-236

2017;**125**(4):385-391

2010;**8**(17):695-729

S68-S78

& R. 2011;**3**(5):408-417

Rehabilitation. 2014;**95**(2):290-296
