3.4. Necrosis and apoptosis

In the initial stages of SCI, neurons, microglia, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes undergo apoptosis and necrosis, while in later stages apoptosis is mostly limited to white matter [18]. In majority of cases, the SCI results in calcium influx and increased excitotoxicity, which are the major triggers for apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction [19].
