Preface

**Section 5 Pollution Prevention Resource 133**

**Treatment 135**

**VI** Contents

Sandra Duque Gaona

**Section 6 Green Approach in Click Chemistry 169**

Chapter 9 **Green Approach in Click Chemistry 171**

Chapter 7 **Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron for Environmental Cadmium Metal**

Keyla T. Soto-Hidalgo and Carlos R. Cabrera

Chapter 8 **The Utility of the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) in Tracking**

**Chemistry Practices in the United States 147**

Sachin P. Shirame and Raghunath B. Bhosale

**Implementation and Environmental Impact of Industrial Green**

Currently, the expression "Green Chemistry" is an omnipresent subject matter in both aca‐ demic and innovative chemical companies. All over the world, efforts are dedicated to initia‐ tives to make chemical processes of manufacturing more sustainable, more energy efficient, more biocompatible, more environmentally benign, less waste-generating, healthier, and more resource-efficient; all these issues nowadays are jointly discussed as "Green Chemistry."

Today, the modern chemist is aware of the fact that research and development always have to meet the ancient Latin principle "Quidquid agis, prudenter agas, et respice fines!" ("whatever you do, do it virtuously, and consider the consequences"). This principle implies that every new process in the development has to take into account the possible impacts on the current and future status of humankind, the environment, and, most of all, the fate of future generations. Translated into our present world, chemists and engineers should act in accordance with the 12 well-known principles of Anastas and Warner, which honestly can be regarded as the basic law of current and future chemical manufacturing practice. In a nutshell, these 12 principles show us the way chemistry in general can get rid of its bad pub‐ lic reputation, which brands it as "toxic," "polluting," "corrosive," "lethal," "stinking," and so on. In this context, Anastas and Warner postulated that chemistry can definitely become "green," when fundamental paradigm shifts are implemented in its manufacturing process‐ es. This includes switching from exploiting limited resources of fossil origin to profiting from the abundance of renewable feedstocks and the development of atom-economic proc‐ esses, generating "zero waste," producing materials in an intrinsically safe way, designing energy-efficient processes, or using harmless catalysts. Especially the last aspect, namely the use of benign and efficient catalysts, provides the direct link between "green chemistry" and the nature's approaches of chemical manufacturing; here, "biocatalysts," hence enzymes, are used to efficiently, selectively, and sustainably transform diverse raw materials into desired marketable end-products. After completing their task, enzymes undergo biodegradation within the nature's closed material cycles. Regarding strategies for producing materials in an intrinsically safe way, one can refer to the emerging field of "flow chemistry" using ad‐ vanced microreactor systems, which allow carrying out typically highly hazardous reactions efficiently and safely.

The book at hand, "Green Chemistry," was compiled to mirror all the upcoming discussed aspects, which will make chemistry more sustainable. Carefully selected authorships from different countries contributed well-chosen, specific chapters to this publication endeavor. The introduction section written by Hosam Saleh and Martin Koller provides the embed‐ ding of different chemical techniques into the principles defined by Anastas and Warner in order to provide a fundamental overview on what "Green Chemistry" should aim at. Qur‐ aishi Mumtaz presents the new aspects of using ionic liquids as "green" corrosion inhibitors to protect industrial metals and alloys. Perveen Shagufta makes us familiar with the ques‐ tion how "green chemistry" can be implemented in the production of desired anticancer

molecules. Moreover, "green" approaches for new separation techniques to recover bioac‐ tive natural products are described by Zullaikah Siti. Soto Keyla focuses on the utilization of zero-valent iron nanoparticles for the removal of cadmium and different other metal ions from polluted environments. "Green" approaches in "click chemistry" to synthesize deriva‐ tives of 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl piperazine, 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl quinoxaline, one pot 1,2,3-triazole and bistriazole, important bioactives in antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, anti-HIV, and antitubercular research are summarized by Shirame Sachin. Gaona Sandra reports on the implementation of "green chemistry" metrics on the educational level, whereas Menges Nurettin focuses on the use of "green" catalysts and environmentally benign sol‐ vents in chemical manufacturing. A completely solvent-free process to extract essential oils is presented by Aslam Muhammad Shahzad. Finally, Sandra Duque Gaona makes us famili‐ ar with the utility of the toxic release inventory (TRI) in tracking implementation and envi‐ ronmental impact of industrial "green chemistry" practices in the United States.

With this issue, the editors wish to address scientists active in the diverse fields of "green chemistry," encompassing chemistry, chemical engineering, and environmental science. The book is also dedicated to students of higher level who are involved in these fields; we hope that this book is helpful and provides inspiration for readers during their studies and later in their academic or industrial career! In addition, we strongly believe that the issue also attracts the attention of representatives of the chemical industry. Do you, as an industrial responsible, want to get to feet on the ground of sustainable manufacturing processes? This might provide for the ignition sparks for a broader implementation of "green chemistry" on an industrial scale.

We are tremendously optimistic that the exploratory and scientific efforts collected and summarized in the book at hand will motivate researchers all over the planet to deepen their R&D activities in this field and to attract the interest of undergraduates as well as of innova‐ tive representatives from relevant industrial sectors. Primarily, these activities shall boost the impatiently desired breakthrough of "green" manufacturing processes, which fairly merit this designation. As certified by the rich content of this book, sustainable, often even "bio-inspired," remedies for prevalent ecological problems are already available, developed by experts from different scientific fields, or these solutions are at least in a well-advanced stage of development; they are expecting their industrial implementation in the emerging field of "green chemistry!"

In particular, I would like to acknowledge the Publishing Process Manager, Ms. Nina Kalinić, for her prosperous cooperation, exceptional efforts, and prompt response to my requests. Again, we would like to thank cordially all the contributors to this issue for their supreme work.

> **Editor: Hosam El-Din M. Saleh, Ph.D.** Atomic Energy Authority Radioisotope Department, Nuclear Research Center Giza, Egypt

**Section 1**

**Principals of Green Chemistry**

**Co-Editor: Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Martin Koller** University of Graz Office of Research Management and Service, c/o Institute of Chemistry Graz, Austria **Principals of Green Chemistry**

molecules. Moreover, "green" approaches for new separation techniques to recover bioac‐ tive natural products are described by Zullaikah Siti. Soto Keyla focuses on the utilization of zero-valent iron nanoparticles for the removal of cadmium and different other metal ions from polluted environments. "Green" approaches in "click chemistry" to synthesize deriva‐ tives of 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl piperazine, 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl quinoxaline, one pot 1,2,3-triazole and bistriazole, important bioactives in antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, anti-HIV, and antitubercular research are summarized by Shirame Sachin. Gaona Sandra reports on the implementation of "green chemistry" metrics on the educational level, whereas Menges Nurettin focuses on the use of "green" catalysts and environmentally benign sol‐ vents in chemical manufacturing. A completely solvent-free process to extract essential oils is presented by Aslam Muhammad Shahzad. Finally, Sandra Duque Gaona makes us famili‐ ar with the utility of the toxic release inventory (TRI) in tracking implementation and envi‐

ronmental impact of industrial "green chemistry" practices in the United States.

an industrial scale.

VIII Preface

field of "green chemistry!"

With this issue, the editors wish to address scientists active in the diverse fields of "green chemistry," encompassing chemistry, chemical engineering, and environmental science. The book is also dedicated to students of higher level who are involved in these fields; we hope that this book is helpful and provides inspiration for readers during their studies and later in their academic or industrial career! In addition, we strongly believe that the issue also attracts the attention of representatives of the chemical industry. Do you, as an industrial responsible, want to get to feet on the ground of sustainable manufacturing processes? This might provide for the ignition sparks for a broader implementation of "green chemistry" on

We are tremendously optimistic that the exploratory and scientific efforts collected and summarized in the book at hand will motivate researchers all over the planet to deepen their R&D activities in this field and to attract the interest of undergraduates as well as of innova‐ tive representatives from relevant industrial sectors. Primarily, these activities shall boost the impatiently desired breakthrough of "green" manufacturing processes, which fairly merit this designation. As certified by the rich content of this book, sustainable, often even "bio-inspired," remedies for prevalent ecological problems are already available, developed by experts from different scientific fields, or these solutions are at least in a well-advanced stage of development; they are expecting their industrial implementation in the emerging

In particular, I would like to acknowledge the Publishing Process Manager, Ms. Nina Kalinić, for her prosperous cooperation, exceptional efforts, and prompt response to my requests. Again, we would like to thank cordially all the contributors to this issue for their supreme work.

**Editor: Hosam El-Din M. Saleh, Ph.D.**

**Co-Editor: Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Martin Koller**

Radioisotope Department, Nuclear Research Center

Office of Research Management and Service, c/o Institute of Chemistry

Atomic Energy Authority

Giza, Egypt

Graz, Austria

University of Graz

**Chapter 1**

**Provisional chapter**

**Introductory Chapter: Principles of Green Chemistry**

New chemistry is required to improve the economics of chemical manufacturing and to enhance the environmental protection. The green chemistry concept presents an attractive technology to chemists, researchers, and industrialists for innovative chemistry research and

Primarily, green chemistry is characterized as reduction of the environmental damage accompanied by the production of materials and respective minimization and proper disposal of wastes generated during different chemical processes. According to another definition, green chemistry is a new technique devoted to the synthesis, processing, and application of chemical materials in such manner as to minimize hazards to humankind and the environment.

Numerous new terms have been introduced associated with the concept of "green chemistry," such as "eco-efficiency," "sustainable chemistry," "atom efficiency" or "atom economy," "process intensification and integration," "inherent safety," "product life cycle analysis,"

Hence, there is an essential need to improve the synthetic and engineering chemistry either by environmental friendly starting materials or by properly designing novel synthesis routes that reduce the use and generation of toxic substances by using modern energy sources.

Green chemistry is generally based on the 12 principles proposed by Anastas and Warner [1]. Nowadays, these 12 principles of green chemistry are considered the fundaments to contribute to sustainable development. The principles comprise instructions to implement new

chemical products, new synthesis, and new processes as illustrated in **Table 1**.

"ionic liquids," "alternate feedstocks," and "renewable energy sources."

**2. Basic principles of green chemistry**

**Introductory Chapter: Principles of Green Chemistry**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.71191

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Hosam El-Din Mostafa Saleh and M. Koller

Hosam El-Din Mostafa Saleh and M. Koller

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71191

**1. Introduction**

applications.

**Provisional chapter**
