**Author details**

genome sequencing to identify drug sensitivities, the development of a side-effect monitoring system, and the improvement of treatment policies could be adapted. These are the burdens that are necessitated by the intrinsic concept underlying the development and creation of

In the near future, novel anti-cancer drugs or therapies must be developed and established. These drugs should not kill cancer cells; rather they should give them a chance to regain the right mitochondrial functions and DNA repair systems, and immunological responses.

chondrial functions, DNA repair systems, and even immune responses. Alternatively, specific TF expression vector(s) could be introduced into cancer cells to lead them to recover to a healthy state. A number of promoter regions of the mitochondrial function-, DNA repair-, and anti-viral/tumor factor-encoding genes have duplicated GGAA-motifs with GC-boxes. Needless to say, it is necessary to determine the TFs that should and should not be applied prior to their clinical use. Based on this novel concept, the design of anticancer/tumor drugs or gene transfer vector(s) will contribute to the prevention of aging and its associated diseases,

The authors are grateful to Asuka Shinozaki, Akiko Kawahara, Erisa Murayama, and Mayu

Yamamura for their discussion and outstanding technical assistance.

/NADH level to improve the mito-

Natural or chemical compounds can ameliorate the NAD+

most anti-cancer drugs.

120 Mitochondrial Diseases

including cancer.

**Abbreviations**

CR caloric restriction FA Fanconi's anemia HDAC histone deacetylase

PAR poly(ADP-ribose)

TF transcription factor

TSS transcription start site

ISG interferon-stimulated gene OXPHOS oxidative phosphorylation

PARG poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase

PARP poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase

IFN interferon

**Acknowledgements**

Fumiaki Uchiumi1 \*, Jun Arakawa1 , Yutaka Takihara1 , Motohiro Akui1 , Hiroshi Hamada1 and Sei-ichi Tanuma2

\*Address all correspondence to: uchiumi@rs.noda.tus.ac.jp

1 Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba-ken, Japan

2 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba-ken, Japan
