**12. Role of protein kinases in regulating mitochondrial functions in ischemia/reperfusion**

Ischemia rapidly changes activities of different protein kinases including the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK-II), PKA, protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), PKC, Raf-1, ERK1/2, c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), GSK3-β, PINK1, and tyrosine kinases, which suggests their involvement in I/R injury.
