**9. Conclusion**

'Domestication is that process by which a population of animals becomes adapted to man and to captive environment by genetic changes occurring over generation and environmentallyinduced developmental events recurring in each generation [90]'. It affects all functions of the organisms and, in particular, behaviour. There are behavioural differences between wild and reared fishes (see **Table 1**), but these differences are more quantitative than qualitative; no new behaviours appear with domestication.

**Behavioural traits Type of responses to** 

Swimming behaviour Response to a predator attack

Foraging behaviour

Predator avoidance

Personality

**environmental constraints**

Capacity to be released in

Changing the foraging

Reaction in front of a

Reaction to a potential

Spontaneous escape

Social behaviour Aggressiveness Hatchery is more aggressive

Choice of place to spawn

Cannibalism No information?

Response to a novel environment

the wild

strategy

predator

predator

responses

Reproduction Abilities to reproduce after realising

**Effects of domestication References**

Wild exhibits lower dispersal [16, 17, 18]

Wild is more rapid [41, 42]

Hatchery takes more risks [36, 45]

It is higher for hatchery [55, 58]

It is higher for wild [56, 65] There is no difference [57]

Dominance is higher in wild [73]

Paternity rate higher for wild [79]

Better for wild [76] No difference [77]

Wild higher than for wild [82]

[10]

Effects of Domestication on Fish Behaviour http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78752

[19, 20]

[21, 22]

[29]

[47]

[56, 57]

[54]

[11, 12, 13, 14]

101

Wild is more reactive than

Wild exhibits higher swimming

Hatchery exploits all the water

Hatchery has a higher capture

No difference between wild

hatchery

abilities

column

Prey profitability Wild has better rate than hatchery [26]

and hatchery

than wild

Use of shelter Wild has a higher rate [47, 48]

Agonistic behaviour It is higher for hatchery [58, 63, 64]

Competitive behaviour Territoriality is higher in wild [70, 72]

Fitness in natural sites Higher for wild [71] Boldness Higher for hatchery [72, 80]

acquisition

Stress Wild is more stressful than hatchery [83, 84]

QTL mapping There is no difference in prey

survival

rate

Consequences on survival Wild shows a higher rate of

The selection of individuals for economic reasons leads to the selection of fishes on morphological or developmental traits (growth, size). These traits are directly linked to other biological traits (i.e. behaviour) and their selection may lead to select fishes, which present some behaviours affecting the life in groups of high density and so the development of each individual (increase in aggressive and agonistic interactions between individuals, higher levels of cannibalism). One solution to prevent that is to identify as soon as possible in the fish development the behavioural profiles of the individuals under different domestication levels [91]. These studies lead to better knowledge of the fish larvae, which are difficult to test given their high sensitivity to environmental conditions.

In this review, we saw that all behavioural traits may be impacted by domestication even after only one generation. For some traits, the results are clear and follow the same trend; the response to a predator is affected by domestication whatever the domesticated species and the reared environment. But in some cases, it is more difficult to find a common trend: foraging is affected but it depends on the type of food, and on the feeding conditions. It is the same for aggressiveness in the hatchery-reared individuals; it could decrease in that way we can put a high number of predators together if we give them a sufficient amount of food, but on the other hand, the high fish density in tank can produce a high level of aggressiveness between individuals leading to cannibalism event if the food is abundant. It is also true for other behavioural traits such as personality or cognitive capabilities; until now, there is a lack of studies on the influence of domestication on these behavioural traits and it is not possible to conclude. What we know is that the human selection on morphological or physiological traits of some individuals (even through a genetic program) has a direct influence on behavioural traits.

This has two implications: first, it is necessary to study behavioural traits in the case of domestication of new species in order to determine the best environmental conditions of rearing, and second, these behavioural trait modifications must be into account when release of domesticated animals into natural habitats is considered. For these two points, we have to keep in mind that the consequences of behavioural selection traits through domestication correspond to the selection of a particular behavioural trait belonging to the natural behavioural range of the species under rearing environmental conditions; this might lead to a new species, the other behavioural traits of the species range disappearing. It is known under a genetic-environment process by which the epigenetic landscape is modified by the environment constraints influencing directly the genetic program [92, 93].


**9. Conclusion**

100 Animal Domestication

traits.

new behaviours appear with domestication.

their high sensitivity to environmental conditions.

'Domestication is that process by which a population of animals becomes adapted to man and to captive environment by genetic changes occurring over generation and environmentallyinduced developmental events recurring in each generation [90]'. It affects all functions of the organisms and, in particular, behaviour. There are behavioural differences between wild and reared fishes (see **Table 1**), but these differences are more quantitative than qualitative; no

The selection of individuals for economic reasons leads to the selection of fishes on morphological or developmental traits (growth, size). These traits are directly linked to other biological traits (i.e. behaviour) and their selection may lead to select fishes, which present some behaviours affecting the life in groups of high density and so the development of each individual (increase in aggressive and agonistic interactions between individuals, higher levels of cannibalism). One solution to prevent that is to identify as soon as possible in the fish development the behavioural profiles of the individuals under different domestication levels [91]. These studies lead to better knowledge of the fish larvae, which are difficult to test given

In this review, we saw that all behavioural traits may be impacted by domestication even after only one generation. For some traits, the results are clear and follow the same trend; the response to a predator is affected by domestication whatever the domesticated species and the reared environment. But in some cases, it is more difficult to find a common trend: foraging is affected but it depends on the type of food, and on the feeding conditions. It is the same for aggressiveness in the hatchery-reared individuals; it could decrease in that way we can put a high number of predators together if we give them a sufficient amount of food, but on the other hand, the high fish density in tank can produce a high level of aggressiveness between individuals leading to cannibalism event if the food is abundant. It is also true for other behavioural traits such as personality or cognitive capabilities; until now, there is a lack of studies on the influence of domestication on these behavioural traits and it is not possible to conclude. What we know is that the human selection on morphological or physiological traits of some individuals (even through a genetic program) has a direct influence on behavioural

This has two implications: first, it is necessary to study behavioural traits in the case of domestication of new species in order to determine the best environmental conditions of rearing, and second, these behavioural trait modifications must be into account when release of domesticated animals into natural habitats is considered. For these two points, we have to keep in mind that the consequences of behavioural selection traits through domestication correspond to the selection of a particular behavioural trait belonging to the natural behavioural range of the species under rearing environmental conditions; this might lead to a new species, the other behavioural traits of the species range disappearing. It is known under a genetic-environment process by which the epigenetic landscape is modified by the environ-

ment constraints influencing directly the genetic program [92, 93].


[10] Benhaïm D, Samuel Péan S, Lucasa G, Blanc N, Chatain B. Early life behavioural differences in wild caught and domesticated sea bass (*Dicentrarchus labrax*). Applied Animal

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[11] Faucher K, Fichet D, Maramand P, Lagardère JP. Impact of cute cadmium exposure on the trunk lateral line neuromasts and consequences on the C-start response beahviour of the sea bass (*Dicentrarchus labrax* L., Teleostei, Monoridae). Aquatic Toxicology.

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[13] Lefrançois C, Domenici P. Locomotor kinematics and behaviour in the escape response of European sea bass *Dicentrarchus labrax* L. exposed to hypoxia. Marine Biology. 2006;

[14] Domenici P, Batty RS. Escape behaviour of solitary herring (*Clupea harengus*) and com-

[15] Wegner NC, Drawbridge MA, Hyde JR. Reduced swimming and metabolic fitness of aquaculture-reared California yellowtail (*Seriola dorsalis*) in comparison to wild-caught

[16] Horka P, Horky P, Randak T, Turek J, Rilkova K, Slavik O. Radio-telemetry shows differences in the behaviour of wild and hatchery-reared European grayling *Thymallus thymallus* in response to environmental variables. Journal of Fish Biology. 2015;**86**:544-557 [17] Taylor MD, Laffan SW, Fairfax AV, Payne NL. Finding their way in the world: Using acoustic telemetry to evaluate relative movement patterns of hatchery-reared fish in the

[18] Thompson BC, Porak WF. Using radiotelemetry to compare the initial behaviour and mortality of hatchery-reared and wild juvenile Florida bass. Transactions of the

[19] Reinhardt UG, Yamamoto T, Nakano S. Effects of body size and predators on intracohort competition in wild and domesticated juvenile salmon in a stream. Ecological Research.

[20] Robinson BD, Rowland W. A potential model system for studying the genetics of domestication : Behavioral variation among wild and domesticated strains of zebra fish (*Danio* 

[21] Thodesen J, Grisdale-Helland B, Helland SJ, Gjerde B. Feed intake, growth and feed utilisation of offspring from wild and selected Atlantic salmon (*Salmo Salar*). Aquaculture.

[22] Sanchez MP, Chevassus B, Labbé L, Quillet E, Mambrini M. Selection for growth of the brown trout (*Salmon trutta*) affects feed intake but not feed efficiency. Aquatic Living

*rerio*). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2005;**62**:2046-2054

parisons with schooling individuals. Marine Biology. 1997;**128**:29-38

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*trutta*. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 1996;**53**:1546-1554

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American Fisheries Society. 2016;**145**:374-385

2006;**76**:278-294

**149**:969-977

2001;**16**:327-334

1999;**180**:237-240

Resources. 2001;**14**:41-48

**Table 1.** Summary of the different results found for this review. The behavioural traits were divided in behavioural acts and their responses to domestication process in fish were briefly described. Wild referred to animals coming from wild strains and hatchery for fish larvae reared under farm or laboratory conditions.
