**Author details**

Pascal Fontaine\* and Fabrice Teletchea

\*Address all correspondence to: p.fontaine@univ-lorraine.fr

University of Lorraine, Nancy, France

#### **References**

**Figure 2.** Diagram explaining the different domestication frameworks and pressures encountered by Eurasian perch

populations, given the enormous genetic diversity available in wild populations [4].

in RAS, and secure current stocks. The decrease of cost production will require in priority the onset of selective breeding programs and genetic improvements, a standardization and rationalization of rearing protocols (e.g., percid feeds, ration tables, etc.) and a reduction of investment levels for the development of new perch farms. For some, the development of a monoculture of perch in ponds could be the solution because it will allow a strong decrease in production cost. On the security side, it is important to (i) better know pathologies associated with this species, notably virus, among which some might represent a major risk for percids [143] and (ii) specify the effects of the domestication process on rearing performances of this species. As any other domesticated species, biological responses and performances of perch are modified by the domesticating environment specific to the rearing system chosen and associated rearing practices. Thus, preliminary results indicated that reproductive performances [144, 145] and its sensitivity to stress and immune system [146–150] depend on farm conditions. In the future, the domesticating context (**Figure 2**) could strongly vary according to local environment, which could lead fish farmer to choose different rearing systems and to target different markets. Once this main choice realized (context and domesticating direction fixed), secondary choices will define the trajectory of domestication that will result in physiological stage capture in nature, of the dynamic of transition (progressive or sharp) and cultural practices used, practices that could evolve over time with different dynamics. This complexity is reinforced by the fact that a population engaged in a specific domesticating context could change into another context because of a modification in the project, as was the case for perch reared in polyculture ponds, then weaned, and grown in cages or RAS (**Figure 2**). This diversity of directions and domesticating trajectories should lead to different evolutions (behavior, stress physiology, reproduction, etc.) variable from a context to another. These evolutions could even lead fish farmers to reconsider the initial choice of founding

148 Animal Domestication

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