**Conflict of interest**

the Nile tilapia, or the Atlantic salmon [83–85]. The 35 species classified at Level 5 [12] belong to 10 families, among which Cyprinidae (*n* = 10 species), Salmonidae (*n* = 8), and Acipenseridae (*n* = 5) [83]. For these species, the entire life cycle is controlled in captivity, and breeding programs have allowed improving, among others, growth, with average genetic gains comprised between 10 and 15% per generation [37, 58, 85–87]. Today, it is estimated that about 10% of the global production is based on improved individuals [37, 87–89]. Nevertheless, very often, even for the species that have reached Level 4 or 5 (**Table 1**), a significant part of global production is based on the introduction of wild individuals. Conversely to these few domesticated species, or more accurately domesticated populations, the majority of farmed fish species still rely on the regular inputs of wild individuals (**Table 1**); thus, there is no strong dichotomy within the same species between wild individuals (coming from fisheries) and farmed individuals (produced in aquaculture) [90–93]. Besides, for numerous species, aquaculture is not a true alternative to capture fisheries but rather a mean to produce wild individuals to a certain commercial size by strongly decreasing the high-mortality rate characteristics of wild populations [90, 94]. Most farmed fish are thus still relatively similar to their

Even though the number of farmed aquatic species (including fish, molluscs, and crustaceans) has strongly increased from 1950 to 2010, from about 72 to more than 500 [19, 20], only few species ensure the bulk of the production today [30, 83, 97]. For fish only, 15 species ensure more than 85% of the global production in 2005 [30], despite the number of farmed species rose from 43 to 219 between 1950 and 2005 [97]. In 2009, this trend was confirmed with more than 90% of the global production relying on 20 species only [83]. Only in Europe, most of the aquaculture production is based on the rearing of 10 species only [34, 98]. For some species, which have a very high production today, their farming is quite recent, dating back only to two or three decades only, such as the striped catfish or the Atlantic salmon [30, 97]. Among the 33 species with more than 100,000 tons in 2005, about one-quarter was not produced 40 years ago [97], which illustrates that new species can contribute strongly to the global production [99–101]. Conversely, most farming trials of new species realized within the past decades, either failed or resulted in low production volumes, about tens of tons. This demonstrates how difficult it is to farm a new species, whose development depends on the interaction of various factors, among which biological (availability of wild individuals, ability to control the life cycle in captivity), economical (acceptability by consumers, competition with other animal products), and environmental ones (availability of suitable sites and water, competition with other resources) [12, 18, 84, 91]. More recently, it has also become evident that climate change, which may result, among others, in global warming, saline water intrusion, and ocean acidification, may affect aquaculture [102]. Therefore, aquaculture should use genetically improved and robust animals not suffering from inbreeding depression, resulting from well-managed selective breeding programs with proper inbreeding control and breeding goals [102]. The leading species for aquaculture production have been extensively introduced across the world, particularly in the past century, resulting in that the bulk of aquaculture production relied on the farming of these very few alien species in numerous countries [11, 15]. Yet, the contribution of native species to global aquaculture will perhaps improve resulting in a more diversified and even production than today [99–101]. At least the

wild congeners [95, 96].

82 Animal Domestication

The author declares no conflict of interest.

### **Author details**

Teletchea Fabrice

Address all correspondence to: fabrice.teletchea@univ-lorraine.fr

Université de Lorraine, Inra, URAFPA, Nancy, France

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**Chapter 5**

**Provisional chapter**

**Effects of Domestication on Fish Behaviour**

welfare and all behavioural modifications must be considered.

**Keywords:** behavioural traits, hatchery-reared fish, wild fish, performances,

Behaviour is an animal phenotype and could be considered as a variable of adjustment for an animal to changes of environmental factors. Domestication gives new environmental conditions to animals; they have to adapt to these restricted surroundings. In general, captive conditions are less complex than those of a natural environment but even with less complexity, the environmental conditions of farms or other rearing structures could appear as new for animals. So they

**Effects of Domestication on Fish Behaviour**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78752

Domestication is a process by which humans select some phenotypes of wild animal species (i.e., morphological traits or growth), but as all traits are linked, the selection of a particular one has consequences on others. In that context, behavioural traits may be affected by human selection. In this chapter, through classical behavioural traits, such as swimming capacities, foraging, social interactions, or reproduction, and also personality or cognitive abilities, what domestication modifies in fish behavioural traits is shown. The information is taken only from studies that make a clear comparison between domesticated and wild animals; the major difficulty was that the domesticated status was not clearly determined. Whatever the behavioural trait considered, domestication affects some of them even after only one generation. These data deserve to be taken into consideration when humans try, not only to domesticate new species but also to release domesticated species into their natural habitats. In this last case, alteration of behavioural traits could make the fish incapable to adapt to their new wild environment and alter their foraging or reproductive performances. Moreover, fish behaviour in farm is currently recognised as an essential component of the

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78752

Alain Pasquet

**Abstract**

behavioural responses

**1. Introduction**

Alain Pasquet


#### **Effects of Domestication on Fish Behaviour Effects of Domestication on Fish Behaviour**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78752
