**4.2.1 Flame structures**

Flame structures are observed in sandy and silty deposits of Lake Van. These structures are formed by penetration of silty sediments to sandy deposits. These structures have different dimensions in lacustrine deposits of Lake Van (Fig. 5). They access up to 80 cm wide and 70 cm high. Generally flame structures comprise over pressure, but they can also be formed by seismic tremors (Visher & Cunningham, 1981; Dasgupta, 1998).

### **4.3 Water escape structures**

Water escape structures are formed by sudden movement of pore-water to the upper level of deposits. Dish and pillar structures are formed by that mechanism in lacustrine sediments of Lake Van.

### **4.3.1 Dish and pillar structures**

Dish and pillar structures are frequently observed in sandy and silty deposits of Lake Van. They consist of water movement in unconsolidated sediments due to sudden over pressure or seismic waves. The movement of pore water composes dish-like structures with folding of layers. These dish-like structures are seperated with vertical channels, called as pillars (Fig. 6).

Dish and pillar structures are observed in different sizes in lacustrine deposits of Lake Van. The dimensions of these structures access up to 100 cm wide and 50 cm high. The shape of dish structures may change depending on amount of pressure, movement velocity of pore water and the degree of consolidation. These structures in Lake Van deposits are very similar to presented in previous works (Lowe & LePiccolo 1974; Lowe 1975; Neuwerth et al., 2006). Dish and pillar structures may occur with seismic shakings (Plaziat & Ahmamou, 1998; Moretti et al., 1999).

Fig. 5. Flame structures observed in lacustrine deposits of Lake Van.
