**Author details**

to affect hepatic insulin sensitivity, and more recently, miR-802 has been shown to be increased with obesity and that its reduction improves glucose tolerance and insulin action [92].

According to the association between obesity and the fatty acids different microRNAs have been associated, among them miR33a and miR33b, which are found in the intronic regions of the genes *SREBF2* and *SREBF1* that code for the transcription factors SREBP2 and SREBP1 and control the expression of the genes involved on the synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids [93].

*miR33a/b* act as suppressing genes that oppose the functions of SREBP, for instance, the cholesterol efflux and the oxidation of fatty acids; so that under low-cholesterol conditions the transcription of SREBP2 and the regulation of the genes involved in the synthesis of cholesterol and absorption is activated, therefore, co-transcription of miR-33a acts in exporting cell

On the other hand, it is known that high levels of free fatty acids (FFA) and different adipokines, such as leptin and resistin, have a strong regulator role in other microRNAs; while expression of miR-143 can modulate the differentiation of the preadipocytes by increasing the storing of lipids, likewise, inhibition of miR-143 blocks differentiation of adipocytes through the kinase

At present, it seeks to make the value of clinical information available further effective, favouring a comprehensive approach to identify novel early biomarkers in the development

In obesity, the biologic representative hallmark is the establishment of a subclinical chronic low-grade inflammatory process, promoted by the dysregulation of the immune system cells resident of white adipose tissue. Antagonistically, an underlying molecular mechanism induced by BAT control (hypermetabolism) can be developed. The understanding of both processes may allow the identification of early biomarkers with therapeutic aim of mitigate or

Researchers have focused their efforts on finding new biomarkers in obesity, based on the concept that a biomarker is identified as a qualitatively and/or quantitatively measurable biological parameter, which can be characterized as an indicator of health status versus disease, and also it serves as a marker for susceptibility or to stratify the relative risk in the general

The importance of a novel early biomarker is that it can have a high diagnostic or prognostic value in the context of development, establishment and progression of obesity and its comorbidities. Because cut-off values are established in the biomarker validation process, it can be identified as a 'distorted indicator and differentiated predecessor' of clinical manifestations, with the possibility of aid at establishment, a classification in the progression of co-morbidities

cholesterol inhibiting the transcription of ABCA1 [93].

5 regulator of extracellular signals (ERK5) [94].

eliminate the associated immunometabolic effects.

**5. Perspectives**

population.

and severity of obesity.

of obesity and its co-morbidities.

170 Adiposity - Omics and Molecular Understanding

Efrain Chavarria-Avila1,2,4,5, Rosa-Elena Navarro-Hernández1,2,3,5, Milton-Omar Guzmán-Ornelas1,2, Fernanda-Isadora Corona-Meraz1,2, Sandra-Luz Ruíz-Quezada2,3 and Mónica Vázquez-Del Mercado1,5,6,7\*

\*Address all correspondence to: dravme@hotmail.com

1 Institute for Rheumatology Research and MuscleSkeletal System, CUCS, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico

2 UDG-CA-701, Research Group on Immunometabolism and Emerging Diseases, Health Sciences School, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico

3 UDG-CA-817, Research Group on Genomics and Biomedicine, Department of Farmacy and Biology, University of Guadalajara, Exact Sciences and Engineering School, Marcelino García Barragán Boulevard, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico

4 Deparment of Philosophical, Methodological, and Instrumental Disciplines, University of Guadalajara, Health Sciences School, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico

5 Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University of Guadalajara, Health Sciences School, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico

6 Rheumatology Service PNPC 004086, CONACyT, Internal Medicine Division, Civil Hospital Dr. Juan I. Menchaca, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico

7 UDG-CA-703, Research Group on Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Guadalajara, Health Sciences School, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
