**Author details**

The results indicate that the liquid yields from the blend VGO-FP oil did not significantly drop compared to FCC of VGO, whereas the yield of fuel/LPG was dramatically decreased. The introduction of 10 wt% of FP oil did not change the gasoline yields; however, the fraction

**Table 3.** Product yields from co-feeding of VGO and FP oil by Petrobras at 540 °C. Data from Ref. [55].

**VGO 90% gas oil and 10% FP oil 80% gas oil and 20% FP oil**

It can be concluded that there are substantial differences in the conversion and product patterns obtained at laboratory-scale, pilot plant and semi-commercial scale. This is understandable as

Co-feeding of biomass derived liquids with conventional feeds into refinery units has potential for partial replacement of fossil crudes by renewable and sustainable resources in the short-term. In addition, it might be economically advantageous for biofuels production as the capital costs could be reduced due to the use of available existing infrastructure of petroleum refineries. Various tests with both FP oil and upgraded bio-oil (UBO) not only at lab-scale, but

Studies with phenolic model compounds provide insight into the effect of oxygenates during co-feeding on elementary steps such as hydride transfer or competitive adsorption of phenolic compounds and hydrocarbon. It seems as if hydrocarbons might act as hydrogen donor for oxygen removal from the bio-feeds. The tests with FPO or UBO indicate some crucial aspects: (i) co-feeding possibly reduces the acidity and oxygenate content in the co-feed; (ii) upgrading helps to reduce oxygen content and to increase yields of usable products (e.g. naphtha, LCO and LPG); (iii) separate injection of conventional and bio-feeds could be a suitable choice in

was reduced significantly when co-feeding 20 wt% of FP oil.

**5. Summary and perspective**

**Product yields (wt%) Feedstock**

294 Phenolic Compounds - Natural Sources, Importance and Applications

different FP oil, conventional feeds and reaction conditions were used [56].

Fuel gas 3.9 2.8 2.5 LPG 15.2 12.9 9.9 Naphtha 40.4 40.7 37.7 LCO 18.1 17.4 16.5 Decanted oil 14.8 14.0 13.7 Coke 7.4 7.5 8.5 CO 0.1 1.9 3.1 CO<sup>2</sup> 0.1 0.5 0.8 Water 0 2.3 7.3

also at the semi-demonstration FCC scale showed promising results.

Thuan Minh Huynh1 \*, Udo Armbruster2 and Andreas Martin2

