**6. References**

150 Applications of Digital Signal Processing

Next, Table 2 shows a summary of hardware resources used by the MPPA architecture in

Function Complexity For *m* = 32 AND *m* x *m* 1024 Adder (*m* + 1) x *m* 1056 Mux *M* 32 Flip-Flop [(4*m* + 2) x *m*] + *m* 4160 Demux *M* 32

Table 2. Summary of hardware resource utilization for the proposed MPPA architecture

low-power computations exceeds the FPGAs capabilities.

a reconfigurable FPGA device via HW/SW co-design paradigm.

RS data processing for newer Geospatial applications.

Having analyzed Table 2, Fig. 4 and 5, one can deduce that the VLSI-FPGA platform based on MPPAs via the HW/SW co-design reveals a novel high-speed SP system for the real time enhacement/reconstruction of highly-computationally demanded RS systems. On one hand, the reconfigurable nature of FPGAs gives an increased flexibility to the design allowing an extra degree of freedoom in the partitioning stage of the pursued HW/SW co-design technique. On the other side, the use of VLSI co-processors introduces a low power, highspeed option for the implementation of computationally complex SP operations. The highlevel integration of modern ASIC technologies is a key factor in the design of bit-level MPPAs. Considering these factors, the VLSI/ASIC approach results in an attractive option for the fabrication of high-speed co-processors that perform complex operations that are constantly demanded by many applications, such as real-time RS, where the high-speed

The principal result of the reported study is the addressed VLSI-FPGA platform using MPPAs via the HW/SW co-design paradigm for the digital implementation of the

First, we algorithmically adapted the RSF/RASF DEDR-related techniques over the range and azimuth coordinates of the uncertain RS environment for their application to imaging array radars and fractional imaging SAR. Such descriptive-regularized RSF/RASF algorithms were computationally transformed for their HW-level implementation in an efficient mode using parallel computing techniques in order to achieve the maximum

Second, the RSF/RASF algorithms based on reconstructive digital SP operations were conceptualized and employed with MPPAs in context of the real time RS requirements. Next, the bit-level array of processors elements of the selected reconstructive SP operation was efficiently optimized in a high-speed VLSI architecture using 0.6um CMOS technology with low-power standard cells libraries. The achieved VLSI accelerator was aggregated with

Finally, the authors consider that with the bit-level implementation of specialized arrays of processors in VLSI-FPGA platforms represents an emerging research field for the real-time

the VLSI chip.

**5. Conclusions** 

RSF/RASF DEDR RS algorithms.

possible parallelism in the design.

Barrett, H.H. & Myers, K.J. (2004). *Foundations of Image Science*, Willey, New York, NY.


**8** 

*Chile* 

**A DSP Practical Application:** 

*1University of Talca, Business Informatics Administration* 

Cristian Vidal Silva1, Andrew Philominraj2 and Carolina del Río3

An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a graphical record of bioelectrical signal generated by the human body during cardiac cycle (Goldschlager, 1989). ECG graphically gives useful information that relates to the heart functioning (Dubis, 1976) by means of a base line and waves representing the heart voltage changes during a period of time, usually a short period

Putting leads on specific part of the human body, it is possible to get changes of the bioelectrical heart signal (Goldschlager, 1989) where one of the most basic forms of organizing them is known as Einthoven lead system which is shown in Figure 1 (Vidal &

The ECG has a special value in the following clinical situations (Goldschlager, 1989):

**1. Introduction** 

(Cuesta, 2001).

Pavesi, 2004; Vidal et al., 2008).

Fig. 1. Einthoven lead system

x Auricular and ventricular hypertrophy. x Myocardial Infarction (heart attack).

**1.1 ECG usefulness** 

**Working on ECG Signal** 

*2University of Talca, Language Program 3University of Talca, Business Administration* 

Yang, C. T., Chang, C. L., Hung C.C. & Wu F. (2001). Using a Beowulf cluster for a remote sensing application, *Proceedings of 22nd Asian Conference on Remote Sensing*, Singapore, Nov. 5ޤ9, 2001.
