**3. Material and methods**

The following sections will identify the use of high dilutions with their opportunities and challenges.

#### **3.1. Opportunities**

healthy or making decisions in the face of an outbreak in a herd is a preventive measure, and, as is known about preventive measures, they are less costly than implementing a reactive

In addition, the customers that eat and make use of animal products are becoming more demanding and are aware of their own health, especially referred to the risk of chemical, microbiological, and systemic contaminations of products and substances that will be exposed to the social-environmental impacts caused by the sector, which invariably can affect them. However, there are restrictions to traditional and registered medications liable to be used in goats and sheep, which aggravate due to the fact that innumerous classic and conventional therapeutic tools like antimicrobials and antiparasitic are at risk of functional collapse. Therefore, ultra-diluted medications may, individually or collectively, make the systems more competitive, reactivate in practice the healing capability of conventional treatments in a joint action, decrease the mortality of animals in outbreaks, and prevent an end of the feasibil-

It is important to conceptually distinguish ultra-diluted to phytotherapic medicines regarding the occurrence of residual risks. Phytotherapic medicines are herbal drugs that generally have a smaller industrial processing and are based on the presence of concentration of chemical compounds present in parts of plants that are used. Like, for example, a passion fruit extract (*Passiflora sp*.) that produces a soothing effect if ingested, marigold extract (*Calendula oficinalis*) as a topical anti-inflammatory that acts in the region it has been applied, and garlic

On the other hand, the ultra-diluted medications can originate from plants, minerals, or animals, like, for instance, *Atropa belladonna* (dynamized belladonna) for acute inflammations, including some acute mastitis, *Natrum muriaticum* (dynamized NaCl) for physical illness due to separation at weaning; and *Apis mellifica* (dynamized bee) for acute allergic reactions. The dynamization process extracts from the original compounds the medicinal principle through consecutive dilutions and shaking. The original compound needed to make an ultra-diluted medication is called mother tincture and depending on the substance, it can be directly used as an herbal medicine before the dynamization. The debate on the active principles of ultra-diluted substances is important for the differentiation regarding the presence of residues, while herbal medicines and mother tinctures have high concentrations that can be excreted and modify the taste of milk and meat, and it might need a waiting period and disposal of milk, for example, ultra-diluted drugs have a low concentration of molecules and the risk of the presence of residues and need of waiting period or disposal derived from the medication is unnecessary. The presence of herbal medicine residues may be less significant than antimicrobials, hormones, and anti-inflammatories, but the local bodies that regulate drugs for animals that process food imposes legal restrictions even if not always

ity of production systems that make use of goats and sheep anywhere.

(*Allium sativum*) as antibacterial and antioxidant [1, 2].

remedial action in a specific disease or adversity.

**2. Literature review**

310 Goat Science

complied [3, 4].

Treatment of animals is part of the food supply chain for people, thus there is an interface with human health. People who choose ultra-diluted medicines are generally constituted of more educated and wealthier individuals, and it is known that the offer of this kind of therapy reduces the financial expenses of its users with healthcare plans. On the other hand, there is still part of the population that demonstrate problems with the use of conventional medicines (allergies, intolerance, adverse symptoms, recurrence of symptoms, and resistance) and that benefit from treatments with ultra-diluted drugs. There is an applied area of pharmacological studies that makes major efforts in the application of individualization and customization of treatments that employ therapeutic drugs, but are restricted to the enhancement of the manipulation of dose protocols or the introduction of a conventional medicine for the metabolism and predetermined conditions.

As well it happens for human beings, there is a population in the different species of animals that benefit from diverse degreed of restrictions to the mass conventional treatment protocols. Those animals produce less, suffer repeat infections, recurrence of symptoms, constant sickness due to different diseases, all of them generally caused by unsuitability to the proposed system in which they are classified. An animal that does not adapt may be disposed or transferred to another place in case it does not die before, but curiously the rate of adaptation in the herd returns to the previous level with a brief period of time and appears to be constant, regardless the disposal or removal of animals. Therefore, collective factors, either intra or extraindividual, may be present and are challenging study objects and still unknown either for animals or humans. Although with efforts being made in the customization of conventional therapies and its prominent proposals as a tendency in pharmacology, especially in humans, the use of ultra dilutions has already preceded that individualization in the west over 200 years ago.

waves, probably and even electromagnetic (because there are waves different than the electromagnetic) that can be inactivated through the exposure of a few minutes at a temperature above 60°C. The medications that are carefully produced and properly stored are capable of influencing the health-disease processes of the animals that are biosensors regarding the

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Given the characteristics of the medicines, there is a reduction in environmental pollution due to the lack of metabolites and known drugs excreted in the milk, urine and feces (e.g. use of hormones to synchronize the mounting season, ivermectin as antiparasitics, antibiotics and anti-inflammatories in case of infections). The water treatment systems for human consumption and the waste treatment of animals are generally developed without the monitoring of the depollution by hormones and other drugs. According to the proposal of the productive system (organic example), the use of ultra dilutions becomes one of the main tools in the control of diseases, since there is a restriction in the use of conventional medicines, which is conditioning for the maintenance of the status of the proposed productive system. Thus, in such systems, we can consider that this therapy would have a more important function than

The scope of the use of ultra-diluted medicines is wide and has a high plasticity according to the demand of who required it. The therapeutic tools are initially recognized or reached to the animals as a simple substation of conventional feedstocks. The progress of the dialog with the increase of interaction with a specialized professional and the broadening of the comprehension of the potential regarding the tool may coevolve until the complete substitution of conventional medicines in most of the cases. That myriad will depend on the personal investment made by people in charge of the animals and direction of the productive system, and there is generally need for identification of a distribution channel of animal products aiming at the selection of people who make a point of having those characteristics. An example of target audience are people who are identified with the use of items originated from family agriculture, organic products, anthroposophical goods and also regions in which there is social and economic exclusion with a restriction of access for the animals to medicines, routine laboratory tests for following-up the herd and eventually low investment in cutting-edge

Examples of the use of ultra-diluted medicines in herds of goats and sheep are generally associated to the main demands, like, for example, it is notorious the presence of intestinal endoparasites, reduction of stress through feedlot handling, reduction of the impacts caused

Two findings revealed that the spontaneous growing curve of endoparasite eggs by natural infection are statistically lower (two-way ANOVA; P-value <0.01; n = 7 or 8) in pregnant goats treated with commercial medicines for internal parasitosis in comparison with water-treated animals. During the 10 weeks of intensive monitoring, the curve outlined by the result of the fecal egg counting test throughout the weeks maintains a parallelism in the elevation pattern among the groups. The animals presented a prevalence of Alpine breed with approximately 10% of the Saanen breed, part of the time in sheepfolds with elevated slatted and loose in the

by Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis or lymphadenitis. Let us take a look at these cases:

the usual denomination that it has nowadays as "complementary".

interventions that are carried out.

technology.

pasture in the hottest hours of the day.

Ultra-diluted medicines are versatile because they can be applied in many production models: since a conventional producer, who makes use of them as a first modification of assistance and support in handling; introduced in breeding to reduce costs with medications; activities for workforce and disposals; until producers with extreme needs in reducing feedstocks and residues that they incisively use; and learning and counting on specialized workforce to practically solve all their demands. Examples of systems like that are organic certified (bio), anthroposophical, independent systems of self-sufficiency, farms that produce food for a group of consumers that demand less residues in animal products and countries that were subject to trade embargos extended by the supply of feedstocks (Cuba), distant regions with reduction or geographical restriction of trade routes and even regions of social and economic exclusion.

The active principle and the mechanism of action are one of the most controversial issues, and the further development of the discussion involving them, due to the limitation of access to data, may be used or inadvertently prevent the access to the benefits that it entails when it comes to its practical and followed use favoring to the animals. The state of the art is that the effects in living creatures, including animals, were corroborated as a natural phenomenon and is at a stage of collection of experimental data to supplement a single theoretical and solid proposal. There are two dozens of theoretical propositions to explain part of the collected phenomena, but that depend on enhancement to create a more comprehensive theory that is capable of approaching the full extent and theoretical predictability of the analyzed phenomena. It is estimated that there is an interaction of the informed field effects (including the electromagnetic ones) with living beings, although some of the imposed obstacles remain in the own limitation of the knowledge about living creatures as biosensors for the fields. The hard core scientific developed knowledge on the interaction of fields with living creatures nowadays is restricted to an experimental and diagnostic effects, with X-rays, computed tomography, MRI scan and ultrasonography.

Even though all the accumulated knowledge so far allows the use as a therapeutic tool, taking into account, yet, that some types may rely on specialized work force to carry on and follow the treatments successfully. Possibly the medication acts informationally through weak waves, probably and even electromagnetic (because there are waves different than the electromagnetic) that can be inactivated through the exposure of a few minutes at a temperature above 60°C. The medications that are carefully produced and properly stored are capable of influencing the health-disease processes of the animals that are biosensors regarding the interventions that are carried out.

As well it happens for human beings, there is a population in the different species of animals that benefit from diverse degreed of restrictions to the mass conventional treatment protocols. Those animals produce less, suffer repeat infections, recurrence of symptoms, constant sickness due to different diseases, all of them generally caused by unsuitability to the proposed system in which they are classified. An animal that does not adapt may be disposed or transferred to another place in case it does not die before, but curiously the rate of adaptation in the herd returns to the previous level with a brief period of time and appears to be constant, regardless the disposal or removal of animals. Therefore, collective factors, either intra or extraindividual, may be present and are challenging study objects and still unknown either for animals or humans. Although with efforts being made in the customization of conventional therapies and its prominent proposals as a tendency in pharmacology, especially in humans, the use of ultra dilutions has already preceded that individualization in the west

Ultra-diluted medicines are versatile because they can be applied in many production models: since a conventional producer, who makes use of them as a first modification of assistance and support in handling; introduced in breeding to reduce costs with medications; activities for workforce and disposals; until producers with extreme needs in reducing feedstocks and residues that they incisively use; and learning and counting on specialized workforce to practically solve all their demands. Examples of systems like that are organic certified (bio), anthroposophical, independent systems of self-sufficiency, farms that produce food for a group of consumers that demand less residues in animal products and countries that were subject to trade embargos extended by the supply of feedstocks (Cuba), distant regions with reduction or geographical restriction of trade routes and even regions of social and economic

The active principle and the mechanism of action are one of the most controversial issues, and the further development of the discussion involving them, due to the limitation of access to data, may be used or inadvertently prevent the access to the benefits that it entails when it comes to its practical and followed use favoring to the animals. The state of the art is that the effects in living creatures, including animals, were corroborated as a natural phenomenon and is at a stage of collection of experimental data to supplement a single theoretical and solid proposal. There are two dozens of theoretical propositions to explain part of the collected phenomena, but that depend on enhancement to create a more comprehensive theory that is capable of approaching the full extent and theoretical predictability of the analyzed phenomena. It is estimated that there is an interaction of the informed field effects (including the electromagnetic ones) with living beings, although some of the imposed obstacles remain in the own limitation of the knowledge about living creatures as biosensors for the fields. The hard core scientific developed knowledge on the interaction of fields with living creatures nowadays is restricted to an experimental and diagnostic effects, with X-rays, computed

Even though all the accumulated knowledge so far allows the use as a therapeutic tool, taking into account, yet, that some types may rely on specialized work force to carry on and follow the treatments successfully. Possibly the medication acts informationally through weak

over 200 years ago.

312 Goat Science

exclusion.

tomography, MRI scan and ultrasonography.

Given the characteristics of the medicines, there is a reduction in environmental pollution due to the lack of metabolites and known drugs excreted in the milk, urine and feces (e.g. use of hormones to synchronize the mounting season, ivermectin as antiparasitics, antibiotics and anti-inflammatories in case of infections). The water treatment systems for human consumption and the waste treatment of animals are generally developed without the monitoring of the depollution by hormones and other drugs. According to the proposal of the productive system (organic example), the use of ultra dilutions becomes one of the main tools in the control of diseases, since there is a restriction in the use of conventional medicines, which is conditioning for the maintenance of the status of the proposed productive system. Thus, in such systems, we can consider that this therapy would have a more important function than the usual denomination that it has nowadays as "complementary".

The scope of the use of ultra-diluted medicines is wide and has a high plasticity according to the demand of who required it. The therapeutic tools are initially recognized or reached to the animals as a simple substation of conventional feedstocks. The progress of the dialog with the increase of interaction with a specialized professional and the broadening of the comprehension of the potential regarding the tool may coevolve until the complete substitution of conventional medicines in most of the cases. That myriad will depend on the personal investment made by people in charge of the animals and direction of the productive system, and there is generally need for identification of a distribution channel of animal products aiming at the selection of people who make a point of having those characteristics. An example of target audience are people who are identified with the use of items originated from family agriculture, organic products, anthroposophical goods and also regions in which there is social and economic exclusion with a restriction of access for the animals to medicines, routine laboratory tests for following-up the herd and eventually low investment in cutting-edge technology.

Examples of the use of ultra-diluted medicines in herds of goats and sheep are generally associated to the main demands, like, for example, it is notorious the presence of intestinal endoparasites, reduction of stress through feedlot handling, reduction of the impacts caused by Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis or lymphadenitis. Let us take a look at these cases:

Two findings revealed that the spontaneous growing curve of endoparasite eggs by natural infection are statistically lower (two-way ANOVA; P-value <0.01; n = 7 or 8) in pregnant goats treated with commercial medicines for internal parasitosis in comparison with water-treated animals. During the 10 weeks of intensive monitoring, the curve outlined by the result of the fecal egg counting test throughout the weeks maintains a parallelism in the elevation pattern among the groups. The animals presented a prevalence of Alpine breed with approximately 10% of the Saanen breed, part of the time in sheepfolds with elevated slatted and loose in the pasture in the hottest hours of the day.

However, the previous round of treatment phase was, mostly during the mounting season, the group that was subject to verum treatment also presented a lower monitoring for fecal egg counting, but that decrease was not significant in relation to the placebo treatment.

monitors the mucosa through its color against anemia, he or she will notice that the interval of ministration of conventional medicines gradually increases in up to 3 months, drawing its own conclusions. The erroneous allegation by the false feeling that the proposed treatments fail is common when there is lack of records, and generally those progressive alterations slip,

Complementary Medicine with High Dilutions Strengthen Conventional Therapies and Health

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72415

315

Milk-producing systems that need interventions for mastitis are subject to a period of initial adaptation. The ultra-diluted tools will stimulate the removal of possible pathogens present in the udder, and this phenomenon is known as drainage with exoneration. After the first days of the start of the ministration of the medicine, lumps in the milking will be observed, and it looks like to be acute mastitis, but what is really happening is the removal of agents with direct stimulus in the animal through the mammary gland. The difference between this phenomenon and an acute mastitis is that the animal quantitatively maintains the production of milk in a very similar way, does not present swelling nor redness in the mammal glands. Its feed intake and rumination remain normal, there is no fever, the animal moves normally

Thus, the treatment with antimicrobials is dispensable and the use of intramammary enzymes is advisable in order to help to dissolve the lumps and remove them. This case is the only moment in which it happens and, due to the increase in the number of somatic cells, the breeder may choose for redirecting the use of that milk if it is paid due to its quality, according to the adopted criteria. The beginning of the treatment does not impede the incidence of clinical cases of mastitis, which will be typical, and the opposite of the parameters previously mentioned, except that it may also be included the presence of lumps or absence of milk production. The use of ultra-diluted drugs does not dismiss necessary handling ordinary care, like pre- and post-dipping, hygiene of the animals, of the milker and of the facilities, as well

Considering that the resistance phenomenon to antiparasitics and antimicrobials has been observed and reported more frequently than the speed of production of new drugs for animals, there is an imminent risk of the existence of a crisis in the conventional treatment tools. That crisis may have evolved either through the technically recommended use or specially through the indiscriminate use of active principles in some places. Curiously, it may have been preserved in places which it is not so used due to the restriction to access because of many reasons. Breeding with research and development, execution of practical tests, optimization, record and approval by regulatory organizations from each country or block for a new drug may take 20 years. That investment is high and the private sector eventually restricts the production and research according to the obtained financial return, that is, the offer of medicines may be influenced by adverse factors that go beyond the demand and needs regarding the animals, especially concerning highly technical medicines and with a limited or restricted

The expected use of medicines itself already imposes a risk of the active principle to lose its activity after a few decades, and this is aggravated by preventive and indiscriminate use, like

thus all that must be done it to check the records.

and appears to be well and calmer during the milking.

as its adjustment and recommended maintenance.

distribution flow in the market [10, 11].

**3.2. Challenges**

The monitoring was promoted by the importance of internal parasitosis in goats and sheep and the offer of commercial medicines produced and provided in Brazil, which are specific for the control of internal parasitosis. The animals, individually labeled and distributed by lots in randomized blocks, were given powdered medicine dissolved in water directly to its mouths in order to obtain more control in the experiment, and the control group was subject to the administration of pure water to mimic the restraining of each animal. Feeding consisted of feed and corn silage. A factor that increased the challenge of natural infection, especially in the treated group, was the disposal of animals from both groups in the same space and at the same time, that is, if all animals were treated the expected parasite load of the entire environment would be certainly lower. However, the natural infection in different pickets may be diverse, therefore the collective use for both groups can be considered as a smaller potential distortion of the results in comparison to the situation in which the groups were in different pickets. The main results were that the medication showed its action, statistically meaningful, during the supposed challenge due to the metabolic stress caused by lactation [8, 9].

There are reports of cost reduction with total replacement of conventional medicines, even if considering the investments specialized in work force. This therapeutic tool has its own evaluation systems of the evolution of health-disease processes. According to the evolution of the state of art that identifies the interaction between parasites and hosts, it has been observed that immunological and metabolic variations regarding the modulation phenomenon, even subtle, may significantly change the detrimental effects of parasites on hosts, and they are specially interesting when such effects are minimized and when the capability of the animals to be kept productive is increased, making the system more solid to interferences and adversities.

Knowing how to observe the action time of ultra-diluted medicines is crucial to understand and properly evaluate its functioning. As a general rule, if a process is acute, that is, if it started suddenly or very quickly, the process and healing time will be immediate or very fast, like, for instance, in an acute mastitis, an allergic reaction to an insect bite, acute torsion of a digestive organ or problems in calving. On the other hand, if a chronicle process that has been taking place for more time, even if not previously identified by people in charge, might have its resolution time or higher balance, like, for example, caprine arthritis encephalitis, lymphadenitis and mycoplasmosis. Sometimes the synergic effect of a conventional treatment and a treatment based on ultra dilutions may gradually reduce the need of interventions, like the incidence of mastitis, myiasis and other ectoparasites.

Therefore, the peak risk of incidence of acute mastitis may be kept, but gradually reduces its intensity and number of affected animals according to the evolution of a continuous treatment, similarly with the occurrence of external and internal parasites. In a conventional system, the employee in charge of the animals that records the application of antimicrobials in cases of chronicle mastitis that become acute, and ivermectin to control the evolution of larvae that might affect the production of leather and wool, and of internal parasites in case he or she monitors the mucosa through its color against anemia, he or she will notice that the interval of ministration of conventional medicines gradually increases in up to 3 months, drawing its own conclusions. The erroneous allegation by the false feeling that the proposed treatments fail is common when there is lack of records, and generally those progressive alterations slip, thus all that must be done it to check the records.

Milk-producing systems that need interventions for mastitis are subject to a period of initial adaptation. The ultra-diluted tools will stimulate the removal of possible pathogens present in the udder, and this phenomenon is known as drainage with exoneration. After the first days of the start of the ministration of the medicine, lumps in the milking will be observed, and it looks like to be acute mastitis, but what is really happening is the removal of agents with direct stimulus in the animal through the mammary gland. The difference between this phenomenon and an acute mastitis is that the animal quantitatively maintains the production of milk in a very similar way, does not present swelling nor redness in the mammal glands. Its feed intake and rumination remain normal, there is no fever, the animal moves normally and appears to be well and calmer during the milking.

Thus, the treatment with antimicrobials is dispensable and the use of intramammary enzymes is advisable in order to help to dissolve the lumps and remove them. This case is the only moment in which it happens and, due to the increase in the number of somatic cells, the breeder may choose for redirecting the use of that milk if it is paid due to its quality, according to the adopted criteria. The beginning of the treatment does not impede the incidence of clinical cases of mastitis, which will be typical, and the opposite of the parameters previously mentioned, except that it may also be included the presence of lumps or absence of milk production. The use of ultra-diluted drugs does not dismiss necessary handling ordinary care, like pre- and post-dipping, hygiene of the animals, of the milker and of the facilities, as well as its adjustment and recommended maintenance.

#### **3.2. Challenges**

However, the previous round of treatment phase was, mostly during the mounting season, the group that was subject to verum treatment also presented a lower monitoring for fecal egg

The monitoring was promoted by the importance of internal parasitosis in goats and sheep and the offer of commercial medicines produced and provided in Brazil, which are specific for the control of internal parasitosis. The animals, individually labeled and distributed by lots in randomized blocks, were given powdered medicine dissolved in water directly to its mouths in order to obtain more control in the experiment, and the control group was subject to the administration of pure water to mimic the restraining of each animal. Feeding consisted of feed and corn silage. A factor that increased the challenge of natural infection, especially in the treated group, was the disposal of animals from both groups in the same space and at the same time, that is, if all animals were treated the expected parasite load of the entire environment would be certainly lower. However, the natural infection in different pickets may be diverse, therefore the collective use for both groups can be considered as a smaller potential distortion of the results in comparison to the situation in which the groups were in different pickets. The main results were that the medication showed its action, statistically meaningful,

counting, but that decrease was not significant in relation to the placebo treatment.

during the supposed challenge due to the metabolic stress caused by lactation [8, 9].

adversities.

314 Goat Science

There are reports of cost reduction with total replacement of conventional medicines, even if considering the investments specialized in work force. This therapeutic tool has its own evaluation systems of the evolution of health-disease processes. According to the evolution of the state of art that identifies the interaction between parasites and hosts, it has been observed that immunological and metabolic variations regarding the modulation phenomenon, even subtle, may significantly change the detrimental effects of parasites on hosts, and they are specially interesting when such effects are minimized and when the capability of the animals to be kept productive is increased, making the system more solid to interferences and

Knowing how to observe the action time of ultra-diluted medicines is crucial to understand and properly evaluate its functioning. As a general rule, if a process is acute, that is, if it started suddenly or very quickly, the process and healing time will be immediate or very fast, like, for instance, in an acute mastitis, an allergic reaction to an insect bite, acute torsion of a digestive organ or problems in calving. On the other hand, if a chronicle process that has been taking place for more time, even if not previously identified by people in charge, might have its resolution time or higher balance, like, for example, caprine arthritis encephalitis, lymphadenitis and mycoplasmosis. Sometimes the synergic effect of a conventional treatment and a treatment based on ultra dilutions may gradually reduce the need of interventions, like the

Therefore, the peak risk of incidence of acute mastitis may be kept, but gradually reduces its intensity and number of affected animals according to the evolution of a continuous treatment, similarly with the occurrence of external and internal parasites. In a conventional system, the employee in charge of the animals that records the application of antimicrobials in cases of chronicle mastitis that become acute, and ivermectin to control the evolution of larvae that might affect the production of leather and wool, and of internal parasites in case he or she

incidence of mastitis, myiasis and other ectoparasites.

Considering that the resistance phenomenon to antiparasitics and antimicrobials has been observed and reported more frequently than the speed of production of new drugs for animals, there is an imminent risk of the existence of a crisis in the conventional treatment tools. That crisis may have evolved either through the technically recommended use or specially through the indiscriminate use of active principles in some places. Curiously, it may have been preserved in places which it is not so used due to the restriction to access because of many reasons. Breeding with research and development, execution of practical tests, optimization, record and approval by regulatory organizations from each country or block for a new drug may take 20 years. That investment is high and the private sector eventually restricts the production and research according to the obtained financial return, that is, the offer of medicines may be influenced by adverse factors that go beyond the demand and needs regarding the animals, especially concerning highly technical medicines and with a limited or restricted distribution flow in the market [10, 11].

The expected use of medicines itself already imposes a risk of the active principle to lose its activity after a few decades, and this is aggravated by preventive and indiscriminate use, like subdoses, lack of execution of antibiogram, duration and frequency lower than the recommended according to the pharmacological basis.

The manufactured medicines either for people's use or animals are subject to tests in the short term before they reach the market, even if there are different regulatory agencies according to the place. But, the tests in the long term in the so-called phase 4 are directly carried out in the population that make use of them and followed by the pharmaceutical industry itself, so there is a clash of interests regarding the demonstration of the results. The animal pharmaceutical industry does neither monitor nor follow the effects of the medicines used in animals in persons. Any kind of tests and experiments has a very high financial investment to compensate even the return with the sale of drugs. Therefore, we are facing a crisis not only financially, but also that concerns principles regarding the influence in feeding and people's health, which can be influenced by the animal handling. That contrast is shown when we identify a human health crisis through a cancer epidemic as the apex of a great problem, and, at the same time, we overlook time and effort granted to treatments and its effect in the long term in animals that provide food and supplies for people. This theoretical ideal may be very distant from the average practice in the world, especially because not even the access to laboratory tests for animals, medicines in sufficient amount and demand, either physically or financially, besides the proper disposal of animal products, are

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Relevant therapeutic strategies qualitatively identified to small ruminants will be presented

The simplest therapeutic strategies of immediate application, with low need of intervention of specialized work force, direct acquisition and generally without prescription, which contemplate the main solutions for caprine and ovine breeders were inspired in the theoretical utilization and practice of drainers (Léon Vanier) and biotherapeutics (Constantine Hering and Wilhelm Lux), developed, conceived and recently consolidated in Brazil. This new field is called, in veterinary medicine, as populational homeopathy and was designated by its creator, the Brazilian veterinary Cláudio Martins Real (1926-). The medicines can be administered to animals twice or three times a day in general, directly on the feed trough, at the customary feeding time, or mixed in the feed, or even in mineral salt. They can be administered directly in the animal's mouth in case there are a few animals or impossibility of including the necessary dosage in the intake routine.

• Control of verminosis in goats and sheeps: a general recommendation for all producers is to administer from 1 to 10 g of the commercial product feed trough, a daily dosage of 2–5 g per head is a customary recommendation. The beginning of a typical treatment starts with a higher dosage and, after 2–3 months, it can be gradually reduced. A high potential challenging situation can start with a total of 10 g per head, during the day, throughout 2–3 months, and slowly reduce until a cost-benefit of the desired effect is stabilized. The

widely restricted in many regions and less developed countries.

**4.1. Herd treatment with predefined protocols**

Let us take a look at some examples:

**4. Key results**

as the key results.

In accordance with the drug, like, for example, an antimicrobial, the phenomenon may involve the contamination of people with resistant microorganism through the intake of raw animal products, poorly cooked, non-pasteurized or without a proper inactivation of possible pathogens, and such risk is aggravated in human population with comorbidities, reduced immunological response and at risk, like for children, elderly, pregnant women, HIV carriers, people with transplanted organs and people who are subject to other continuous treatments by immunosuppressants.

For example, albendazole is a trend-setting antiparasitic for the treatment of round internal parasites either in animals or in humans, but, through time, the antibiotics ivermectin had to be used as an antiparasitic in animals and nowadays is employed in humans. The recommended cut point of the fecal egg counting test to start a antiparasitic treatment was broadened, and this increase may make the maintenance of the usage of albendazole viable. Several reports show the use of ivermectin with power of influencing and modifying in an undesirable way the gene expression. Its effects in the long term in an animal, for human beings who consume milk and meat from those animals, rest unknown.

Goats and sheep are domestic animals that moreover contribute for people's nutrition all over the world, therefore they are part of the trophic food chain of human beings. However, mankind nowadays suffers from an outbreak of cancer, even though too little is known about what reasons led to that increase in the sudden incidence of cancer in the last few years. It is speculated that factors regarding industrialization, environmental and nutritional pollutants may have strong influence, and curiously all of them are connected to the animal food supply. The most substantial data discovered was the identification of the consumption of cow's milk. This habit was pointed out as one of the identified risk factors that contributed to the higher incidence of cancer when comparing the Asian human population who did not consume milk.

The protective factor had that possibility due to the gene pool, but was disregarded after the confirmation that the incidence equates when a migration of that Asian population happens to Western regions where they had got into the habit of consuming milk and dairy products. This little-known fact is overlooked by professionals responsible for health, feeding and handling, as well as by animal breeders. Thus, feeding and the use of medicines for animals have a low validation of effects in the long term, either in the animals itself or in people that consume animal products.

The diet and the investment in animal's feeding is a factor that exerts a great financial impact in this activity, and one may add a great range of ingredients in animal's feeding without obtaining a validation of its effects, except the sieve of the animal itself in refusing to eat. There is also the possibility that the ingested feed by the animal cause an expected alteration in flavor/taste and strange odor in meat or in the milk for the person who will consume it (e.g. excessive use of sugar cane). Frequently the inclusion of those ingredients is reduced until is accepted by the animal to make use of the cheap energy or fibers source.

The manufactured medicines either for people's use or animals are subject to tests in the short term before they reach the market, even if there are different regulatory agencies according to the place. But, the tests in the long term in the so-called phase 4 are directly carried out in the population that make use of them and followed by the pharmaceutical industry itself, so there is a clash of interests regarding the demonstration of the results. The animal pharmaceutical industry does neither monitor nor follow the effects of the medicines used in animals in persons. Any kind of tests and experiments has a very high financial investment to compensate even the return with the sale of drugs. Therefore, we are facing a crisis not only financially, but also that concerns principles regarding the influence in feeding and people's health, which can be influenced by the animal handling. That contrast is shown when we identify a human health crisis through a cancer epidemic as the apex of a great problem, and, at the same time, we overlook time and effort granted to treatments and its effect in the long term in animals that provide food and supplies for people. This theoretical ideal may be very distant from the average practice in the world, especially because not even the access to laboratory tests for animals, medicines in sufficient amount and demand, either physically or financially, besides the proper disposal of animal products, are widely restricted in many regions and less developed countries.
