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**Chapter 13**

Provisional chapter

**Parasitism in Goats: Husbandry Management, Range**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.74203

Goats play a vital role in the economy of common man. It acts as pivotal point in the uplift of socio-economic status of females. The goats are such delicate and fragile animals that encounter a lot of infectious and non-infectious diseases including viruses, bacteria and gastrointestinal parasites (GIP). The goat being a range animal is selective feeder. It needs a lot of managemental practices which safeguards its health. This chapter focuses on management, impact of gastrointestinal parasites, role of intestinal immunity, various breeds reared in Pakistan, role of plant based phytochemicals to treat against GIT para-

In Pakistan the economic losses due to worm infestation either internal or external worms like tape worm, round worms, flukes, ticks and lice are very high, although no exact figure is available. Millions of rupees are lost every year in the form of reduction in milk production, rejection of poor quality meat, depreciation of wool and hair, skin and hides, delayed puberty or breeding age, slow growth rate, death of young stock, high production cost and wastage of feed, less consumption of feed and poor digestibility. It is normal routine practice throughout

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

sites and various models to predict the status of health in animals.

Keywords: gastrointestinal parasites, gut immunity, goat management

Parasitism in Goats: Husbandry Management, Range

**Management, Gut Immunity and Therapeutics**

Management, Gut Immunity and Therapeutics

Muhammad Mazhar Ayaz,

Muhammad Mazhar Ayaz,

Muhammad Mudaseer Nazir, Noreen Samad,

Muhammad Mudaseer Nazir, Noreen Samad,

Mubashir Aziz, Ahsan Sattar Sheikh, Atif Akbar, Abdul Waheed, Aqal Zaman and Nasir Mahmood

Mubashir Aziz, Ahsan Sattar Sheikh, Atif Akbar, Abdul Waheed, Aqal Zaman and Nasir Mahmood

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74203

Abstract

1. Introduction

Muhammad Zubair, Muhammad Hanif,

Muhammad Zubair, Muhammad Hanif,

#### **Parasitism in Goats: Husbandry Management, Range Management, Gut Immunity and Therapeutics** Parasitism in Goats: Husbandry Management, Range Management, Gut Immunity and Therapeutics

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.74203

Muhammad Mazhar Ayaz, Muhammad Mudaseer Nazir, Noreen Samad, Muhammad Zubair, Muhammad Hanif, Mubashir Aziz, Ahsan Sattar Sheikh, Atif Akbar, Abdul Waheed, Aqal Zaman and Nasir Mahmood Muhammad Mazhar Ayaz, Muhammad Mudaseer Nazir, Noreen Samad, Muhammad Zubair, Muhammad Hanif, Mubashir Aziz, Ahsan Sattar Sheikh, Atif Akbar, Abdul Waheed, Aqal Zaman and Nasir Mahmood

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74203

#### Abstract

Goats play a vital role in the economy of common man. It acts as pivotal point in the uplift of socio-economic status of females. The goats are such delicate and fragile animals that encounter a lot of infectious and non-infectious diseases including viruses, bacteria and gastrointestinal parasites (GIP). The goat being a range animal is selective feeder. It needs a lot of managemental practices which safeguards its health. This chapter focuses on management, impact of gastrointestinal parasites, role of intestinal immunity, various breeds reared in Pakistan, role of plant based phytochemicals to treat against GIT parasites and various models to predict the status of health in animals.

Keywords: gastrointestinal parasites, gut immunity, goat management

## 1. Introduction

In Pakistan the economic losses due to worm infestation either internal or external worms like tape worm, round worms, flukes, ticks and lice are very high, although no exact figure is available. Millions of rupees are lost every year in the form of reduction in milk production, rejection of poor quality meat, depreciation of wool and hair, skin and hides, delayed puberty or breeding age, slow growth rate, death of young stock, high production cost and wastage of feed, less consumption of feed and poor digestibility. It is normal routine practice throughout

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

the entire world to control worm infestation to maintain the health status and production in livestock (cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, camel and horses). In Pakistan, livestock productivity is low and genetic potential is not being fully exploited due to less development in Veterinary sciences or Veterinary biotechnology. Among all, unleashed worm infestation is the most important one. It is a ubiquitous phenomenon affecting all classes of livestock especially to the goats that is hampering the development of livestock/ goat industry in Pakistan. The worm infested animals become unthrifty, lethargy, less responsive leading to chronic diseases and ultimately death of young and older animals irrespective of breed, sex and age. The gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) of animals harbor a wide variety of worms named as nematodes, cestodes and trematodes collectively called as helminthes and few species of Protozoa and externally infested with verities of ticks, lice, mites, fleas and flies. The most prevalent nematodes or round worms are identified as species of parasites included Strongyloides, Haemonchus contortus, Bunostomum phlebotomum, Oesophagostomum spp., Cooperia spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Toxocara vitulorum, Ostertagia ostertagi, and Nematodirus spp., rumen worm and lung worm. In cestodes or tape worms are Moniezia spp. especially Moniezia expansa in small animals (sheep and goats). In trematode or flukes like liver fluke or Fasciola hepatica is notorious among small and large ruminants. Coccidiosis is a protozoan disease that can also infect small ruminants. Among protozoa the coccidiosis E. arloingi, E. christenseni, and E. ovinoidalis are highly pathogenic in kids. E. ninakohlyakimovae is the commonest one followed by E. arloingi, E. caprina and E. hirci with prevalence while others were recorded including Eimeria parva, E. ahsata, E. faurei, E. caprovina, E. granulosa, and E. crandalis. Clinical signs include diarrhea with or without mucus or blood, dehydration, emaciation, weakness, anorexia, and death. Cause enteritis and bloody diarrhea leading to less assimilation and causing anemia and weight loss of the animals other than Giardiasis and Cryptosporidiosis. External parasites like ticks, lice, mites, fleas and flies are not lagging behind to others. They equally cause losses, low productivity, blood drain/ losses, less concentration to feed and loss in milk letdown especially during dusk and dawn and even loss of life especially in exotic animals. By the timely and effective control of worms may uplift the socio-economic position of the female farmers of Southern Punjab and even by effective communication measures could result the saving of life and money from loss. The economic losses caused by Fascioliasis (Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica) results more than US\$3 billion yearly loses in worldwide by mortality, reduced production of milk, meat and wool. Parasites, both internal and external, can drastically reduce the efficiency of an entire cattle herd. Only 5–10% of internal parasites actually reside within an individual animal, and the rest are present in the pasture, infecting the animal as it grazes. Knowledge of the developmental stages of those parasites outside the animal is key in making management decisions. The easiest and fastest decision to make regarding strategic parasite prevention is pasture management. While the warmer winters the past few years have contributed to keeping grass stands high, they have increased parasite risks in other ways, Mild winters increase parasites' ability to overwinter and multiply faster in the spring. Warmer temperatures lead to higher parasite risks. We always see a spring rise, if you have high parasites in the summer and starting now, you might need to think about altering your management. Burning pastures could be a significant management decision in eliminating a majority of the parasite load in the pasture, especially in the case of an operation with a spring burning program. Dewormer choice is also essential to developing a sound parasite

management strategy. There are three common classes of dewormers: Benzimidazoles, or the familiar white oral dewormers, cover a wide spectrum of activity but offer no residual effects. Levamisole is only effective against adult worms and has no residual effects. Macrocyclic lactones, like ivermectin, have increased residual effects and retain high blood levels over a period of time. A combination of two has been found the most effective treatment, especially against resistant parasites. Using products that do not fully eradicate an animal's parasite load can also contribute to parasite resistance. The way resistance works is primarily genetic, you are selecting for a population of parasites that are resistant. Both internal and external parasites can develop a resistance to modern parasite prevention methods, Horn and stable flies have a large yearly economic impact in terms of efficiency lost and sickness caused in cattle. In just the U.S. cattle industry horn flies alone cost \$1.36 billion in losses. Those include cost of control and the economic losses they incur for individual animals. Flies and other external parasites cause reduced weight gain and stress to animals. They also reduce efficiency, causing animals to require more feed to put on a pound of gain. Horn, stable and horse flies cause the bulk of external parasite problems. If an animal has an average of 270 flies on its body over the course of a day it loses up to 65 cc of blood. The economic threshold is currently 200 flies per animal and is a good indicator for when to begin fly treatment. Pour-on products are also effective but require a substantial amount of reapplication. We are running into resistance in all

Parasitism in Goats: Husbandry Management, Range Management, Gut Immunity and Therapeutics

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74203

291

The work was done for the record of parasites prevalent in Pakistan especially in goats. The data was obtained with latest tools available for collection and searching from web. The latest regime was also recommended for developing and underdeveloped countries to avoid any undue losses by any outbreak in goat population. All the resources were utilized to get the maximum benefits for the small ruminant farmers. The gut immunity was also explored which could protect the goat from infection(s) and parasitic infestations at GIT level. The contemporary data about ethno or phyto ingredients was also obtained and incorporated in the manu-

Rangeland is an exclusive source of nutritious browse and graze species of plants in the regions where there is limited or no alternative feed resource available [1]. In arid and semiarid regions of the world where there is scarcity of water and uncertainty of precipitation, the shortage of feed for small ruminants becomes eminent. So the grazers then look forward to range resource for grazing as their only option [2, 3]. Shrubs and trees which serve as browse species for goats and other ruminants tend to adapt harsher agro climatic conditions and at the same time are able to produce forage for longer periods of time. These species require little attention after its initial establishment and will be available for feeding when other feed resources are their lowest level [3]. Besides, number of natural, biological

forms of parasite.

2. Materials and methods

script which was possible.

2.1. Effect of rangelands on the productivity of goats

management strategy. There are three common classes of dewormers: Benzimidazoles, or the familiar white oral dewormers, cover a wide spectrum of activity but offer no residual effects. Levamisole is only effective against adult worms and has no residual effects. Macrocyclic lactones, like ivermectin, have increased residual effects and retain high blood levels over a period of time. A combination of two has been found the most effective treatment, especially against resistant parasites. Using products that do not fully eradicate an animal's parasite load can also contribute to parasite resistance. The way resistance works is primarily genetic, you are selecting for a population of parasites that are resistant. Both internal and external parasites can develop a resistance to modern parasite prevention methods, Horn and stable flies have a large yearly economic impact in terms of efficiency lost and sickness caused in cattle. In just the U.S. cattle industry horn flies alone cost \$1.36 billion in losses. Those include cost of control and the economic losses they incur for individual animals. Flies and other external parasites cause reduced weight gain and stress to animals. They also reduce efficiency, causing animals to require more feed to put on a pound of gain. Horn, stable and horse flies cause the bulk of external parasite problems. If an animal has an average of 270 flies on its body over the course of a day it loses up to 65 cc of blood. The economic threshold is currently 200 flies per animal and is a good indicator for when to begin fly treatment. Pour-on products are also effective but require a substantial amount of reapplication. We are running into resistance in all forms of parasite.
