**Author details**

The same for the B sample, at the beginning of the test, the amount of filterable sludge was 7 g/m<sup>3</sup>

**Sample A (diesel fuel with 1% FAME) Sample B (diesel fuel with 7% FAME)**

**Induction period EN 16091, min**

**Deposit content ASTM D 5304, mg/100ml**

 41.9 1.4 31.1 27.5 1.9 38.8 2.4 29.9 27.8 3.7 39.7 3.7 25.5 26.4 3.5 40.7 4.4 27.8 27.9 11.5 37.5 8.2 26.9 27.7 12.8 39.5 5.7 26.7 27.7 8.6 32.8 7.7 26.6 27.5 9.5

increase of the sample storage period, the total amount of deposits increases several times. The increase of sediments was mainly caused by the formation of filterable deposits, while the

After 6 months of fuel storage, induction period determined by EN 16091 was lower than at the beginning of the study, for both samples A and B. For A sample the induction period dropped from 41.9 to 32.8 min and for the B sample from 31.1 to 26.6 min. The induction period measured by Rancimat test for B sample containing 7.2% FAME was constant during

The model fuel as a petrol substitute composed of four hydrocarbons (heptane, isooctane, cyclohexane, toluene) was chemically stable at elevated temperature and oxygen pressure. The addition of a reactive olefin, i.e. cyclohexene caused a noticeable reduction in oxidation resistance determined by an induction period—the higher the content of this compound in the fuel, the lower the chemical resistance. The results of the induction period were confirmed by the study of potential resin content—as a result of oxidation, most deposits were formed in fuels with cyclohexene. Ethanol introduced in an amount of 5% v/v to the model fuel does not have a negative effect on the induction period, whereas the fuel with a cyclic olefin improved the value of this parameter. Antioxidants (phenolic and amine) added to the fuel with cyclohexene improved effectively oxidation resistance. The test of induction period of model fuels, where oxidation was simulated by the addition of TBHP as a source of reactive radicals,

Comparative studies conducted using commercial petrol have shown that the model fuel reflects behaviour of real fuel to a limited extent. The main drawback is the lack of a 'breaking'

showed deterioration of the parameter sample cyclohexene.

resins, 58.2 g/m3

**Table 12.** Results of commercial diesel oil storage stability test at elevated temperature.

total while for the same sample after 6 months of storage, 56.2 g/

total. The presented data show that with the

**Oxidation stability EN 15751, hr**

**Deposit content ASTM D5304, mg/100ml**

and 1 g/m3

**Storage time, day**

m3

resins, 8 g/m3

**Induction period EN 16091, min**

14 Improvement Trends for Internal Combustion Engines

filterable sludge and 2 g/m<sup>3</sup>

amount of resins did not change.

180 days of storage fuel.

**3. Conclusions**

,

Małgorzata Odziemkowska, Joanna Czarnocka\* and Katarzyna Wawryniuk

\*Address all correspondence to: j.czarnocka@pimot.eu

Automotive Industry Institute, Liquid Fuels and Bio-Economy Department, Warsaw, Poland

## **References**

[1] Czarnocka J., Matuszewska A., Odziemkowska M. Autoxidation of Fuels During Storage. In: Biernat K., editor. Storage Stability of Fuels. InTech; 2015. pp. 157–188. DOI: 10.5772/5979 Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/59807

[2] Batts B.D. Zuhdan F.A. A Literature Review on Fuel, Stability Studies with Particulate Emphasis on Diesel Oil. Energy Fuels 1991;5(1):2–21

[18] Natelson R.H., et al. Experimental Investigation of Surrogates for Jet and Diesel Fuels.

Study of Stability Changes of Model Fuel Blends

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/67056

17

[19] Standard ISO 7536. Petroleum Products—Determination of Oxidation Stability of

[20] Standard ISO 6246. Petroleum Products—Gum Content of Light and Middle Distillate—

[21] ASTM D 5304 Standard Test Method for Assessing Middle Distillate Fuel Storage

[22] Standard EN—ISO 12205 Petroleum Products — Determination of the Oxidation

[23] Standard EN 15751 Automotive Fuels—Fatty Acid Methyl ester (FAME) Fuel and Blends with Diesel Fuel—Determination of Oxidation Stability by Accelerated Oxidation

[24] Standard EN 16091 Liquid Petroleum Products—Middle Distillates and Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Fuels and Blends—Determination of Oxidation Stability by Rapid

[25] ASTM D 4625 Standard Test Method for Middle Distillate Fuel Storage Stability at 43°C

[26] ASTM D 873 Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential

[27] Harrigan Sr. M., Banda A., Bonazza B., Graham P., Slimp B. A Rational Approach to Qualifying Materials for Use in Fuel Systems. In: SAE Technical Paper Series 2001-01-

[28] Pera C., Knop V. Mint: Methodology to Define Petrol Surrogates Dedicated to Auto-

Fuel (2008);87:2339–2342

Jet Evaporation Method

Method

(110°F)

Residue Method)

2013, ISNN 0148–7191

Ignition in Engines. Fuel 2012;96:59–69

Gasoline—Induction Period Method

Stability by Oxygen Overpressure

Stability of Middle-Distillate Fuels

Small Scale Oxidation Method


[18] Natelson R.H., et al. Experimental Investigation of Surrogates for Jet and Diesel Fuels. Fuel (2008);87:2339–2342

[2] Batts B.D. Zuhdan F.A. A Literature Review on Fuel, Stability Studies with Particulate

[3] Pedersen C.J.. Mechanism of Antioxidant Action in Gasoline. Industrial Engineering and

[4] Pedersen C.J. Inhibition of Deterioration of Cracked Gasoline During Storage. Industrial

[5] Nagpal J.M., Joshi G.C., Rastogi S.N. Stability of Cracked Naphtha from Thermal and Catalytic Processes and their Additive Response. Part I. Evaluation of Stability and

[6] Pereira R.C.C., Pasa V.M.D. Effect of Mono-Olefins and Diolefins on the Stability of

[7] Pereira R.C.C., Pasa V.M.D. Effect of Alcohol and Copper Content on the Stability of

[8] Marshman S.J., Davia P. Storage Stability of Distillate Diesel Fuels: Changes in Phenalene and Phenalenone Concentrations During Long Term Ambient Storage. Preprint Paper

[9] Beranek L.A., McVea G.G., O'Connell M.G., Solly R.K. Rates of Indole—Phenalenone Reactions in Middle Distillate Fuel. Preprint Paper American Chemical Society Division

[10] Li D. et al., Spectroscopic Studies on Thermal-Oxidation Stability of Hydrocarbon Fuels.

[11] Zabarnick S.. Chemical Kinetic Modeling of Jet Fuel Autoxidation and Antioxidant Chemistry. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 1993;32:1012–1017

[12] Karavalakis G., Hilari D., Givalou l., Karonis D., Stournas S. Storage Stability and Ageing Effect of Biodiesel Blends Treated with Different Antioxidants. Energy (2011);36:369–374

[13] Karavalakis G., Stournas S., Karonis D. Evaluation of the Oxidation Stability of Diesel/

[14] Wachal A., Propellants and motor oils for contemporary piston-, jet- and rocket- engines,

[15] Denisov E.T., Afanas'ev I.B. Oxidation and Antioxidants in Organic Chemistry and

[16] Altin O., Ester S. Carbon Deposit Formation from Thermal Stressing of Petroleum Fuels. Preprint Paper American Chemical Society Division of Fuel Chemistry. 2004;49(2):764

[17] Gernigon S., Sicard M., Ser F., Bozon-Verduraz F. Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuels Thermal Stability, Antioxidants Influence and Behaviour. Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Stability, handling and Use of Liquid Fuel 2009, Prague, Czech Republic,

American Chemical Society Division of Fuel Chemistry 1990;35:41108–41116

Emphasis on Diesel Oil. Energy Fuels 1991;5(1):2–21

Engineering and Chemistry 1949;41(5):924–928

Additive Response. Fuel 1995;74(5):714–719

of Fuel Chemistry 1990;35 4:1117–1124

Biodiesel Blends. Fuel (2010);89:2483–2489

18–22 October 2009, pp. 472–509

published by Ministry of National Defence (Poland), 1959

Biology. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Abingdon UK; 2005.

Fuel (2008);87:3286–3291

Automotive Gasoline. Fuel 85;(2006):1860–1865

Automotive Gasoline. Energy Fuel 2005;19:426–432

Chemistry 1956;48(10):1881–1884

16 Improvement Trends for Internal Combustion Engines


**Chapter 2**

**Provisional chapter**

. Particulate emis-

**Effect of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Blends on**

**Effect of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Blends on** 

**Performance and Emissions from a CRDI** 

Giancarlo Chiatti, Ornella Chiavola and

Giancarlo Chiatti, Ornella Chiavola and

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.69740

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Erasmo Recco

Erasmo Recco

**Abstract**

regards diesel oil.

emission

**Diesel Engine**

**Performance and Emissions from a CRDI Diesel Engine**

The employment of biofuels in blends with diesel oil proved to attain a reduced environmental impact without compromising the engine performance. Among biofuels, waste cooking oil offers the advantages of its reduced raw material cost in comparison with fresh vegetable oil cost; it also eliminates the environmental impacts caused by its disposal. Although a great number of researches has been devoted to biodiesel combustion in engines and pollutant emissions, few studies can be found on light duty diesel engine equipped with up-to-date technologies. This work aims at investigating the impact of waste cooking oil percentage in blends with diesel oil on the performance and emission characteristics of an up-to-date light and compact common rail diesel engine whose main application is in microcars and in urban vehicles. A comprehensive experimental activity was performed in the engine complete operative field. The comparison of the results with those obtained with standard ultralow-sulfur diesel highlighted that the engine performance was quite similar for B20 and diesel oil. B40 suffered for the lower caloric value in regard to diesel. A reduction in CO and HC

sions were also reduced for biodiesel blends; the mean size of particles was smaller as

**Keywords:** diesel engine, biodiesel blend, waste cooking oil, pollutant emission, particulate

was obtained with biodiesel blends, along with an increase in NO<sup>x</sup>

10.5772/intechopen.69740

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Provisional chapter**
