Author details

South Africa and Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary; the latter for making available the laboratory facility, Jendrassik Gyorgy hotechnikai Laboratorium in Budapest BME, where the engine experiments were conducted. This work is connected to the scientific program of the "Development of quality-oriented and harmonized R+D+I strategy and functional model at BME" Project. This Project was supported by the New Szechenyi Development Plan (Project ID:TAMOP-4.2.1/B-09/1/KMR-2010-0002). The authors are grateful to the support of Bolyai Janos Research fellowship of HAS (Hungarian Academy of Science). Authors are grateful for the support of Prof. Dr. Florian Heinitz, Director of Transport, and

Spatial Planning Institute in the University of Applied Science in Erfurt, Germany.

Nomenclature

CA Crank angle

ID Ignition delay

ATDC After top dead center

BSFC Brake-specific fuel consumption

48 Improvement Trends for Internal Combustion Engines

EGT Exhaust gases temperature

BTDC Before top dead center

rpm Revolution per minute

BTE Brake thermal efficiency

BMEP Brake mean effective pressure

HRR Heat release rate

NOx Nitrogen oxides

CO Carbon monoxide

CN Cetane number

IP Indicated pressure

EDC Electronic diesel control UHC Unburned hydrocarbon MAP Manifold air pressure

DF Diesel fuel

Greek letter

λ Excess air ratio

CAD Crank angle degree or θ crank angle

Lennox Siwale1 \*, Lukacs Kristof<sup>2</sup> , Torok Adam<sup>2</sup> , Akos Bereczky<sup>2</sup> , Makame Mbarawa3 , Antal Penninger<sup>2</sup> and Andrei Kolesnikov4

\*Address all correspondence to: zumbe.siw@gmail.com

1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia

2 Department of Energy Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Bertalan Lajos, Hungary

3 Ministry of Communication, Science and Technology, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania

4 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
