**Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Pneumonia and Infection in Intensive Care Unit Infection in Intensive Care Unit**

**Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Pneumonia and** 

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.69377

Mauricio Rodriguez and Salim R. Surani Mauricio Rodriguez and Salim R. Surani Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.69377

#### **Abstract**

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) pneumonia can be problematic and challenging to treat in an era of increasing resistance and limited treatment armamentarium. Multidrug-resistant pathogens are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, thus early empiric appropriate antibiotics are critical for survival. Many factors play a role in the selection, optimization, and duration of therapy that should be made on an individual basis. New technologies such as "rapid diagnostics" may provide the clinician with early phenotypic or genotypic result, thus improving early appropriate therapy. The increasing antibiotic resistance is a global threat to patients worldwide and is an economic burden. In the United States, drug-resistant bacteria cause approximately 2 million cases of illnesses and contribute to 23,000 deaths each year. The inappropriate use of antibiotics has contributed to the healthcare burden that ranges from \$27 to \$42 billion annually. As a result, several governmental agencies have placed forth regulatory mandates to enforce antimicrobial stewardship programs in acute care hospitals. Education will be vital across all healthcare disciplines to ultimately ensure optimal prescribing and reduce the emergence of resistance.

**Keywords:** multidrug-resistant infections, intensive care unit, pneumonia, healthcare-associated infections, critically ill patients, antibiotic stewardship
