**Author details**

María José Hernández-Granados1 , Joel Ramírez-Emiliano2 and Elena Franco-Robles1 \*


#### **References**


[3] Lee D, Park J, Kay K, Chrlstakls N, Oltval Z, Barabásl A. The implications of human metabolic network topology for disease comorbidity. Proccedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2008;**105**:9880-9885. DOI: 10.1073/ pnas.0802208105

resistance of peripheral tissue involves cellular inflammatory responses that are caused by excess lipids. This model consists of rats fed with a HFD, mainly provoking DIO that has become one of the most important tools to understand the interactions of diets high in satu-

In the above model, body weight increases dramatically and remains significantly elevated in CAF-fed rats. Also, hyperinsulinemia, hyperphagia, hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance are exaggeratedly elevated in CAF-fed rats compared with other models with HFD [79–81]. These models present increased adiposity and hepatosteatosis, brown fat and more inflammation in the adipose tissue and liver. A CAF-fed rat model provides a model of human metabolic syndrome with an exaggerated obesity phenotype with glucose intolerance [81]. With this model, it is possible to study the biochemical, genomic and physiological mechanisms of

Animal research has been and continues to be essential for understanding the underlying mechanisms of most human and veterinary diseases. Metabolic diseases are complex and present heterogeneous clinical forms with significant impact in understanding metabolic disorders. The use of animal genetic models, mainly rodents (mouse and rat), has showed several advantages. However, it is necessary to consider the standards of care of laboratory

, Joel Ramírez-Emiliano2

[1] Rees DA, Alcolado JC. Animal models of diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine. 2005;

[2] Song HK, Hwang DY. Use of C57BL/6N mice on the variety of immunological researches. Laboratory Animal Reserch. 2017;**33**(2):119-123. DOI: 10.5625/lar.2017.33.2.119

and Elena Franco-Robles1

\*

animals, which are consistent and demand the necessary experimental conditions.

rated fat and the development of obesity [78].

obesity and disease states related to metabolic diseases [79].

114 Experimental Animal Models of Human Diseases - An Effective Therapeutic Strategy

\*Address all correspondence to: e.francorobles@ugto.mx

1 Department of Veterinary, University of Guanajuato, Mexico

**22**:359-370. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01499.x

2 Department of Medical Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Mexico

*3.3.1.2. Cafeteria diet-induced obese rat*

**4. Conclusions**

**Author details**

**References**

María José Hernández-Granados1


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120 Experimental Animal Models of Human Diseases - An Effective Therapeutic Strategy


**Section 3**

**Inflammatory and Viral Infections**

**Inflammatory and Viral Infections**

**Chapter 7**

**Provisional chapter**

**Animal Models of Double Incontinence: "Fecal and**

Throughout the world, animal models are being used as simulators of human anatomy and pathophysiology with most of the investigations and treatments first tested on them. Double incontinence (DI) includes both urinary and anal incontinence. This chapter is focused on the use of animals as models to understand pathogenesis, diagnosis and man‐ agement of double incontinence (DI). DI is a complex disease with variant prevalence around the world which has a severe impact on quality of life (Qol). Many studies are designed to employ rodent and rabbit models to understand the pathogenesis of urinary and fecal incontinence. Urodynamic studies including leak point pressure (LPP) and ure‐ thral pressure profilometry (UPP) are used in establishing diagnosis of stress urinary incontinence. Rats have also been used to study fecal incontinence using neurophysi‐ ological and sacral nerve stimulation tests. The surgical treatment of double incontinence involves use of mesh, which was initially tested on animals. Animal models have also been used to train surgeons for perineal tear repair surgery. We conclude that the use of animal models provides best approach to learn these specialized surgical skills for medi‐

**Keywords:** animal model, double incontinence, stress incontinence, fecal incontinence,

The prevalence of female urinary incontinence (UI) in Europe ranges from 14.1 to 68.8% and increases with age [1]. Specifically, stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is highest among all types of UI and is estimated at 23.7% [2]. The prevalence of fecal incontinence (FI) ranges from 2.2 to 50% in women with urinary incontinence or pelvic organ prolapse [3]. FI and UI are pelvic floor disorders (PFD) which lead to social embarrassment and have poor impact

**Animal Models of Double Incontinence:** 

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.69962

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Urinary"**

Raheela Mohsin Rizvi and Sanam Imtiaz

Raheela Mohsin Rizvi and Sanam Imtiaz

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.69962

cal practitioners and researchers.

**Abstract**

human

**1. Introduction**

**"Fecal and Urinary"**

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

**Provisional chapter**
