**List of abbreviations and acronyms**


**References**

Urologia Internationalis. 2012;**90**(1):1‐9

Coloproctology. 2016;**20**(2):77‐79

Reports. 2016;**11**(4):379‐385

Diseases of the Colon & Rectum. 2012;**55**(5):586‐598

Journal of Urology. 1997;**157**(3):1039‐1043

[1] Cerruto MA, D'Elia C, Aloisi A, Fabrello M, Artibani W. Prevalence, incidence and obstetric factors' impact on female urinary incontinence in Europe: A systematic review.

Animal Models of Double Incontinence: "Fecal and Urinary"

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.69962

137

[2] Minassian VA, Stewart WF, Wood GC. Urinary incontinence in women: Variation in prev‐ alence estimates and risk factors. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2008;**111**(2, Part 1):324‐331 [3] Devesa JM. Fecal incontinence: Major problem or incidental finding? Techniques in

[4] Chong EC, Khan AA, Anger JT. The financial burden of stress urinary incontinence among women in the United States. Current Urology Reports. 2011;**12**(5):358‐362

[5] Xu X, Menees SB, Zochowski MK, Fenner DE. Economic cost of fecal incontinence.

[6] Powell CR. Conditional electrical stimulation in animal and human models for neu‐ rogenic bladder: Working toward a neuroprosthesis. Current Bladder Dysfunction

[7] Fokaefs ED, Lampel A, Hohenfellner M, Lazica M, Thuroff JW. Experimental evaluation of free versus pedicled fascial flaps for sling surgery of urinary stress incontinence. The

[8] Aghaee‐Afshar M, Rezazadehkermani M, Asadi A, Malekpour‐Afshar R, Shahesmaeili A, Nematollahi‐Mahani SN. Potential of human umbilical cord matrix and rabbit bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells in repair of surgically incised rabbit external

[9] Okuda Y, Bryson EO, DeMaria S, Jacobson L, Quinones J, Shen B, Levine AI. The util‐ ity of simulation in medical education: What is the evidence? Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine: A Journal of Translational and Personalized Medicine. 2009;**76**(4):330‐343 [10] Haylen BT, De Ridder D, Freeman RM, Swift SE, Berghmans B, Lee J, Monga A, Petri E, Rizk DE, Sand PK, Schaer GN. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/ International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic

[11] Sultan AH, Monga A, Lee J, Emmanuel A, Norton C, Santoro G, Hull T, Berghmans B, Brody S, Haylen BT. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female anorectal dysfunc‐

[12] Housley SL, Harding C, Pickard R. Urodynamic assessment of urinary incontinence.

anal sphincter. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum. 2009;**52**(10):1753‐1761

floor dysfunction. International Urogynecology Journal. 2010;**21**(1):5‐26

tion. Neurourology and urodynamics. 2017 Jan 1;**36**(1):10‐34.

Indian Journal of Urology. 2010;**26**(2):215


### **Author details**

Raheela Mohsin Rizvi1 \* and Sanam Imtiaz2

\*Address all correspondence to: raheela.mohsin@aku.edu

1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan

2 Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
