2.4. Industrial processes AC

Lots of industrial processes require particular AC in order to increase the industrial productivity, and it is usually dissimilar to humans' thermal comfort [1]. Intensity of required

Figure 3. Optimum air temperature and humidity level for the storage of fruits and vegetables.

temperature and humidity control is based on nature of industry and its manufactured products [3]. The industrial processes can be categorized in many ways depending upon the industry type, objectives, and/or productivity [26–29]. Some of the typical industrial processes that require AC include agricultural implements and machinery industry, leather and paper industry, fur and gum industry, water/wastewater treatment industry, medicine/pharmaceutical industry, electronic products industry, paints and plywood industry, tea and tobacco industry, insect/pest/fungus control process, fuel purification–based petrochemical processing, metallurgy-based processes, food and beverages process, clinical processes, heat treatment processes, surface coating processes, manufacturing of additives, and so on. It is worth mentioning that the employees' requirements must be considered in the designing of the industrial processes AC. In this regard, ASHRAE provides fundamental guidelines for the AC of various industrial processes [26]. Nature of industrial construction, building usage, operational conditions, and insurance are the key parameters needed to be considered for proper designing. Similarly, AC loads (sensible/latent) need to be calculated carefully from the viewpoint of heat generation (internal/external), transmission/solar load, fresh air-flow rate including O2 and CO2 requirements. The details can be found from reference [26]. For the comparison and general viewpoint, optimum air temperature and humidity required for few industrial processes is presented on psychrometric chart as shown in Figure 4 [26]. It can be noticed that each industrial process requires different scheme of Ta and RH, which cannot be achieved by a particular AC system. Therefore, this is a dire need of the twenty-first century to transform and Energy-Efficient Air-Conditioning Systems for Nonhuman Applications http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.68865 103

Figure 4. Optimum air temperature and humidity level for industrial processes AC.

optimize the existing AC technologies, including hybrid systems for the establishment of lowcost energy-efficient AC systems for industrial processes.

## 2.5. Miscellaneous applications

temperature and humidity control is based on nature of industry and its manufactured products [3]. The industrial processes can be categorized in many ways depending upon the industry type, objectives, and/or productivity [26–29]. Some of the typical industrial processes that require AC include agricultural implements and machinery industry, leather and paper industry, fur and gum industry, water/wastewater treatment industry, medicine/pharmaceutical industry, electronic products industry, paints and plywood industry, tea and tobacco industry, insect/pest/fungus control process, fuel purification–based petrochemical processing, metallurgy-based processes, food and beverages process, clinical processes, heat treatment processes, surface coating processes, manufacturing of additives, and so on. It is worth mentioning that the employees' requirements must be considered in the designing of the industrial processes AC. In this regard, ASHRAE provides fundamental guidelines for the AC of various industrial processes [26]. Nature of industrial construction, building usage, operational conditions, and insurance are the key parameters needed to be considered for proper designing. Similarly, AC loads (sensible/latent) need to be calculated carefully from the viewpoint of heat generation (internal/external), transmission/solar load, fresh air-flow rate including O2 and CO2 requirements. The details can be found from reference [26]. For the comparison and general viewpoint, optimum air temperature and humidity required for few industrial processes is presented on psychrometric chart as shown in Figure 4 [26]. It can be noticed that each industrial process requires different scheme of Ta and RH, which cannot be achieved by a particular AC system. Therefore, this is a dire need of the twenty-first century to transform and

Figure 3. Optimum air temperature and humidity level for the storage of fruits and vegetables.

102 Refrigeration

Similar to Sections 2.1–2.4, there could be many more nonhuman AC applications that require distinctive control of humidity and temperature. Some of them can be listed as follows:


Lots of research have been conducted worldwide in order to establish low-cost energy-efficient AC system for above-mentioned AC applications. Therefore, many systems have been resulted suitable depending upon the nature of AC application, availability of low-cost energy type, economics, efficiency, and sustainability. In this regard, upcoming sections will present some suitable low-cost AC options for these applications.

Figure 5. Working principle of conventional vapor compression air-conditioning (VAC) systems.
