Author details

Tetyana Volodymyrivna Beregova\*, Dmytro Nozdrenko, Sergii Berehovyi, Natali Nikitina, Tetyana Falalyeyeva and Liudmyla Ivanivna Ostapchenko

\*Address all correspondence to: tetyana\_beregova@ukr.net

Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine

#### References

pathological factors on these processes leads to either complete dysfunction of these parameters or their desynchronization. As a result, the whole muscle as a dynamic system is not able to adequately implement the pool of neural activity getting from the central nervous system. The nature and level of these dysfunctions is linearly related to the level of pathological processes development, the analysis of which at present can be carried out exclusively at the phenomenological level. Despite new experimental approaches in studying microlevel of neuromuscular regulation, traditional electro-physiological models with usage of neuromuscular preparation in vivo are still important. Such studies should be conducted not only to obtain accurate quantitative analysis of the pathologies of muscle dynamics but also to study the

In condition of diabetic polyneuropathy development, differences in the response of the muscle to frequency changes indicate that to determine the contractile properties of the muscle, it is important to know not only the current values of the force response and activation intensity but also the history of changes in these parameters. The consequence of above-described dysfunction of the neuromuscular complex is the need of motor neurons to generate powerful dynamic discharge components to resume the error-free operation of the muscular system. Thus, at the same levels of the stationary state of the efferent command, an increase in the duration of the preceding dynamic component not only slows down the transition to a new equilibrium force but also leads to decrease in the maximum force response. The mechanokinetic curves showed the changes in the implementation of complex stimulation programs during the development of polyneuropathy. The analysis of dynamic properties of various parts of the motor system gives an idea of the presence of changes in the dynamics of complex movements associated with the precision positioning of joints and the ability of the system to correct the descending motor

Usage of static characteristics "stimulation signal-reduction force" to analyze the pathological processes during diabetic polyneuropathy development will lead to incomplete picture of pathology development. For an adequate understanding and analysis of these changes, a multifaceted experimental approach is needed with the possibility of simultaneous monitoring of various biomechanical parameters with different amplitude-time intervals and a labile system of external stimulation. Only in this case it becomes possible to trace the changes in the reaction of neuromuscular preparation to stimulation that are responsible for the development of ballistic precision positional movements, the analysis of which will be a critical factor

in concluding the level of development of pathologies in diabetic polyneuropathy.

Tetyana Volodymyrivna Beregova\*, Dmytro Nozdrenko, Sergii Berehovyi, Natali Nikitina,

totality of the central processes involved in the regulation of muscle contraction.

commands by adaptation processes in the central neurons.

136 Pathophysiology - Altered Physiological States

Tetyana Falalyeyeva and Liudmyla Ivanivna Ostapchenko \*Address all correspondence to: tetyana\_beregova@ukr.net

Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine

Author details


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**Section 4**

**Renal Pathophysiology**

**Renal Pathophysiology**

**Chapter 8**

**Provisional chapter**

**Immunopathology of Kidney Transplantation**

**Immunopathology of Kidney Transplantation**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.70596

Renal transplantation is currently the best alternative for patients with end-stage renal disease. Immune responses activated against the allograft are a decisive factor in transplantation outcomes and patient survival. Although short-term graft and patient survival have improved significantly as a result of better donor matching systems, novel immunosuppressive agents and enhanced care, long-term outcomes remain unfavorable and reflect sub-clinical injury caused by chronic rejection. The immune system lies at the intersection of immunogenic tolerance and graft failure; thus, it is a major determinant of pathology in the context of renal transplantation. During the early stages of transplantation increased expression of cytokines has been observed in addition to increased expression of adhesion proteins and immune cells. This early inflammatory response does not necessarily end in graft rejection, although this will depend on the severity of the inflammation. Activation of Toll-like Receptors (TLRs), damaging molecular patterns (DAMPs), and other components of innate immunity is key to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques and the development of autoimmune diseases. Initially the donor antigens are presented to the T lymphocytes of the recipient. This activation induces their proliferation, differentiation and cytokine production. Successful kidney transplant recipients need to develop immunologic tolerance against donor antigens. In this chapter, we address some of the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms associated with kidney transplantation; emphasizing

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

According to statistics from the United States Renal Data System (UNOS) and the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network

**Keywords:** kidney, transplantation, immunopathology, graft rejection, immunology

Zesergio Melo, Juan A. Ruiz-Pacheco,

Echavarria

**Abstract**

Zesergio Melo, Juan A. Ruiz-Pacheco, Claudia A. Mendoza-Cerpa and Raquel

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.70596

their role in allograft rejection.

**1. Introduction**

Claudia A. Mendoza-Cerpa and Raquel Echavarria

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

**Provisional chapter**
