Contents


Chapter 6 **Hypophosphatasia: A Systemic Skeletal Disorder Caused by Alkaline Phosphatase Deficiency 101** Hideo Orimo

#### Chapter 7 **Dynamic Properties of Skeletal Muscle Contraction in Rats with Diabetes 119**

Tetyana Volodymyrivna Beregova, Dmytro Nozdrenko, Sergii Berehovyi, Natali Nikitina, Tetyana Falalyeyeva and Liudmyla Ivanivna Ostapchenko

Preface

The term "*pathophysiology"* comes from the Ancient Greek πάθος (*pathos*) and φυσιολογία (*phusiologia*). Pathophysiology is the convergence of pathology (the discipline of observed changes in a diseased state) with physiology (the mechanisms of systems operation). It rep‐

This volume provides state-of-the-art up-to-date literature reviews on pathophysiological processes in a number of disease states. The book is organised methodically in a head-to-toe

> This section includes chapters concerning the central nervous system. Chapter 1 explores the psychiatric associations in patients with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), which is increasing in prevalence globally. The authors discuss the psy‐ chopathology and associated pathologies in BDD. Chapter 2 examines the nasal cycle rhythm alterations, in which asymmetrical airflow forms one nasal passage to the other. This cycle is regulated by the hypothalamus by coordinating the au‐ tonomic and sympathetic nerves in the nasal mucosa. Observed changes in nasal airflow duration, pattern and rhythm correspond to various disease states. Chap‐ ter 3 is a translational biology chapter detailing the changes in striatal network connectivity in Parkinson's disease via a dyskinetic rodent model. The striatum of the basal ganglia receives the major dopaminergic innervation. Using network analysis, the authors have quantified the pathological changes on a functional his‐

> In Chapter 4, the authors explore the transport protein transthyretin (prealbu‐ min), which binds thyroid hormones and retinol. Transthyretin can be measured in the blood as an indicator of protein calorie malnutrition and as a prognostica‐ tor in critically ill patients. The authors discuss various clinical applications of this disease state biomarker. In Chapter 5, the authors investigate the intricate re‐ lationship between diabetes, dietary state and gut microbiota. Diabetes is a global health concern. Only now are we learning of the role of gut microbiota composi‐ tion and its role in health and disease. The authors summarise recent advances in the microbiome-diet-diabetes interactions with a view to establishing novel thera‐

resents the functional changes that occur because of injury or disease.

tological scale associated with Parkinson's disease.

peutic approaches in patients with diabetes.

systems approach, comprising five sections:

b. Endocrine pathophysiology

a. Neuropathophysiology

#### **Section 4 Renal Pathophysiology 141**

