**11. Conclusions and perspectives**

The diet-microbiota-diabetes trio is a hot research topic at the moment, and it still requires further investigation. Even though several studies highlight the benefits associated to the consumption of probiotics in the management of diabetes, their use is hindered by the insufficient information regarding their mechanisms of action. Furthermore, additional human studies are still needed in order to get a better understanding of the role held by the ethnicity and diet in shaping the diabetic microbiome. Finally, future studies combining microbiota analysis, metabolomics, proteomics as well as treatment regimens will provide valuable information regarding the pathomechanisms of diabetes and potentially ways to prevent the onset of disease.
