**Nanoformulation as a Tool for Improve the Pharmacological Profile of Platinum and Ruthenium Anticancer Drugs**

Valentina Uivarosi, Rodica Olar and Mihaela Badea

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.68306

#### **Abstract**

CdO, CdS, and CdF2 (fluorite-type crystal) are known commonly, and Cd2+ reacts with water

Metal Hg is known as a sole liquid simple substance at room temperature or component of amalgam alloy, which is obtained by reduction of slightly soluble cinnabar HgS (solubility

is an ionic halide). Complexes afford two-coordinated linear or four-coordinated tetrahedral

As for solid-state chemistry, magnetic moment of spinel in Fe oxides that is increased by doping of diamagnetic Zn2+ is a famous theme of students' experiments. Basically, spin ori‐ entation of solid-state magnetic oxides is paramagnetism (random), ferromagnetism (paral‐ lel), antiferromagnetism (antiparallel), and ferrimagnetism (antiparallel of strong and weak spins). Evaluating meff for inverse spinel ferrite Fe3O4 (per formula) is to be

son why increasing magnetic moment after doping ZnFe2O4 in Fe3O4 is explained to be com‐ position Fe2+1-x+Zn2+xFe3+2O4, tetrahedral site: Fe3+1-x+Zn2+x, octahedral site: Fe3+1+x+Fe2+1-x, hence, [5µBM(1+x) + 4µΒΜ(1-x)]- 5µBM(1-x) = (4+6x)µΒΜ. As doped Zn2+ (x) increased, magnetic mo‐

As for biochemical application, some Zn2+ complexes are used as fluorescence probes. Re‐ cently, Zn2+ ion has a wide range of different roles in immunity such as the second messen‐ ger in signal transduction. Zn2+ ion is an inhibited phosphatase PTEN, which enhances the phosphorylation of AKT by interleukin 2 (IL2). Therefore, went and put a stimulus to the cells in a state in which a certain amount of fluorescence by the addition of Zn2+ complex was out fluorescence disappears, and external field stimulation sex fluorescent probe has been sought as a medical research tool. This is either Zn2+ complex that has been made to work in the same way as zinc, range of applications will change depending on whether

) =5µBM, and Fe2+(3d6

2+ + 2OH- → Hg + HgO(s) + H2O and red HgO(s) → Hg(l) + 1/2 O2

]

2+ equilibrium, disproportionation (Hg2

2+] = 6.0 x 10-3) can occur because of these redox poten‐

<sup>2</sup> / [Hg(OH)2] = 1.8 x 10-22), and

, but only HgF2

**Takashiro Akitsu**

Faculty of Science,

Tokyo, Japan

Department of Chemistry,

Tokyo University of Science,

2+ = Hg

+ Cl-

2+, E0 = 0.920V; Hg2+ + 2e- = Hg, E0 =

) =4µBM; therefore, (5+4)-5 = 4µBM. The rea‐

).

salts are easy to be hydrolyzed (covalent HgCl2 + H2O = Hg(OH)Cl + H+

2-). Because of Hg2+/Hg2

2+ + 2e- = 2Hg, E0 = 0.789V; 2Hg2+ + 2e- = 2Hg2

∆Hdiss = 90.4 kJmol-1. Hg(OH)2 is a weak acid (K=[Hg2+][OH-

(2Cd2+(aq) + H2O = CdOH3+(aq) + H+

+ Hg2+, E0 = -0.131V; K = [Hg2+]/[Hg2

[Fe3+]tet[Fe2+,Fe3+]octO4, Fe3+(3d5

there is an inhibitory effect as of pyrithione.

ment is increased.

product = 10-54) or Hg2

geometries ([Hg(CN)4]

tials (Hg2

0.854V).

VIII Preface

Cisplatin and analogs are used for the treatment of some type of cancers in combination with organic cytostatics. Also, two ruthenium (III) complexes are in clinical trials as anticancer drugs. In order to overcome toxicity and resistance associated with this therapy and/or enhance stability, a large variety of formulations based on organic, inorganic, or hybrid matrix were developed and tested both *in vivo* and *in vitro*. The best results were obtained for systems properly functionalized in order to enhance the metal content and/ or to specific target the tumor tissue through overexpressed receptors.

**Keywords:** platinum, ruthenium, anticancer metal-based drugs, nanoformulations, conjugation
