**5. Conclusions**

conducted in people aged 20 years or older across China in 2010, the incidence and mortality of stroke were 246.8 and 114.8 per 100,000 people standardized to China Census Population 2010, respectively [34]. The incidence of AMIs is unknown at the same time; however, related guidelines indicated that the ratio between AMIs and stroke was likely appropriate 1:5 [6] and this ratio was consistent with our study. Our study showed a 1.6 ratio of ischemic stroke compared to hemorrhagic stroke; this was much lower than the national level (approximately equal to 3) [34] that could be related to a much higher prevalence of hypertension in the Kazakh population. The age summit for acute cardiovascular events was 50–59 years in our sample population, younger than the mean age of people with prevalent stroke (66.4 years)

A key strength of this study is that we have a high‐quality study design and practice with a high response rate which helps to ensure good internal validity and a reasonable approach to extrapolation of study results. However, a number of limitations should be kept in mind when assessing the evidence provided by our study. First, the participants in the urban group are relatively younger, and have a higher SES compared with other urban residents; therefore, the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors may be underestimated. Second, because the study is community‐based, the problem of clustering of risk factors within families could lead to some error in risk estimation, future research will be needed in this aspect. Nevertheless, our study population was from a town; this may lead to a limitation for generalizing our

Due to a limited study year, we do not further calculate the incidence and mortality in differ‐ ent occupational populations. The next stage of follow‐ups will be conducted. Nevertheless, we have established a population base with a follow‐up system for cardiovascular outcomes and a good relationship with local governments. The Mother Program, aiming to reduce salt intake, is currently being conducted by local department of health and population. First, village physicians, women village leaders, and teachers in this town, who participate in an intervention for villagers, will be trained by seminars, textbooks, and multimedia. Second, all women will participate in multiple trainings about knowledge of hypertension and its prevention as well as how to reduce daily salt intake and improve diet. For a better effect, we will visit each family and help them achieve a goal of salt‐restriction. Third, two‐hour classes on hypertensive healthcare will be added per term in all schools of this town. We will have a rounded evaluation including all baseline contents every other year. During a further follow‐ up, we schedule the goal at the end of this study including lowering daily salt intake to 10 g, lowering blood pressure by 10/5 mmHg, and a significant reduction in incidence due to car‐ diovascular outcomes. Researchers, clinical physicians, and government officials are involved

We believe that long‐term effects of this lifestyle improvement will benefit not only male and female all‐age Kazakh population but also next Kazakh generations. Also, our quality work will provide experience to combine medicine‐based evidence with current nationwide poli‐ cies, such as China National Herdsmen Settling Program covering two‐thirds of land territory in China, for benefiting related ethnic minorities, such as Tibetan and Mongolian people.

results, but this should not compromise the internal validity of our findings.

in the national survey.

30 Recent Trends in Cardiovascular Risks

in this program team.

**4.3. Strength, limitation, and its future**

In conclusion, findings from the CAKH study demonstrate the pervasive burden of cardio‐ vascular risk factors and related acute cardiovascular events and an urgent need for control‐ ling and preventing these risk factors in Kazakh population, especially BP in Kazakh nomads.
